Como Saber Si El Aceite De Cannabi Es Bueno - [Respuesta a la pregunta] HoyHistoriaGT Hoy en la Historia de Guatemala

HoyHistoriaGT Hoy en la Historia de Guatemala

Respuestas

Como Saber Si El Aceite De Cannabi Es Bueno

Como Saber Si El Aceite De Cannabi Es Bueno

¿Qué color debe tener el aceite de CBD?

EL COLOR DEL ACEITE ES UN INDICADOR ÚTIL – Esperamos que ya hayas comprendido que no todo los aceites de CBD son iguales. Pero lo que tal vez no sepas es que no todos los aceites tienen el mismo color. El color del aceite no es algo meramente estético, sino que te da una pista de cómo se ha elaborado el aceite, su pureza y su contenido.

Por ejemplo, el aceite crudo tiene un color verde muy oscuro, al no ser procesado tras ser extraído del cáñamo. Esto significa que este aceite contiene clorofila, ceras, terpenos y otra materia vegetal. Tomar aceite crudo no es ideal, ya que puede tener un sabor desagradable y provocar náuseas a algunas personas.

Además, este aceite ha pasado por procesos de filtración mínimos, y ha sido sometido a analíticas mínimas para conocer el contenido de CBD (o no se ha analizado en absoluto), y está repleto de productos de relleno sin ninguna utilidad. El aceite de CBD filtrado es lo que la mayoría de vosotros imagináis cuando pensáis en productos de CBD.

¿Cómo saber cuál es el porcentaje de pureza en un aceite de CBD?

% = (g/ml)*100. Esta fórmula le ha dado la cantidad de gramos de CBD puro que ha usado en la dilución.

¿Cuánto días tarda en hacer efecto el aceite de Cannabi?

El aceite de CBD puede tardar entre 15 minutos y 2 horas en hacer efecto, dependiendo de la cantidad y forma de administración.

¿Qué sabor tienen las gotas de CBD?

Cuando se come o se toma en una bebida, el CBD del cannabis sativa en particular puede tener un aroma o sabor a ‘hierba recién cortada’, dice Earleywine.

¿Cuál es el CBD de mejor calidad?

El mejor aceite de CBD de espectro completo – Comenzamos esta lista con un aceite de CBD de espectro completo de alta potencia. Pertenece a la marca Kiara Naturals y es de grado farmacéutico. Su concentración de CBD es elevada y está disponible en dos concentraciones diferentes: 2,000 y 3,000 mg (20 % y 30 % respectivamente).

  • Además, su cantidad de aceite portador es inferior la de muchos otros aceites de CBD del mercado.
  • Esto hace que sus efectos sean más rápidos y efectivos.
  • Este aceite de CBD contiene componentes 100 % naturales y está elaborado en una instalación aprobada por la FDA (Agencia de Medicamentos y Alimentación).

Además, dispone del certificado GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices). Se recomienda para combatir el dolor crónico, la ansiedad, el insomnio, la artritis, el dolor neuropático y las inflamaciones.

¿Qué personas no pueden usar CBD?

Advertencias y precauciones especiales: – Embarazo y lactancia : puede que no sea seguro tomar CBD si está embarazada o amamantando. Los productos de CBD pueden estar contaminados con otros ingredientes que pueden ser dañinos para el feto o el bebé. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños : Es posible que los niños tomen un producto de CBD recetado específico (Epidiolex) por vía oral en dosis de hasta 25 mg / kg al día. Este producto está aprobado para su uso en niños con ciertas afecciones que tienen al menos 1 año de edad. No está claro si otros productos de CBD son seguros para los niños.

Enfermedad hepática : Las personas con enfermedad hepática pueden necesitar usar dosis más bajas de CBD. Enfermedad de Parkinson : Algunas investigaciones preliminares sugieren que tomar altas dosis de CBD podría empeorar el movimiento muscular y los temblores en algunas personas con enfermedad de Parkinson.

Moderadas Tenga cuidado con esta combinación Brivaracetam (Briviact) El cuerpo modifica y degrada el brivaracetam. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el brivaracetam. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de brivaracetam en el cuerpo. Cafeína La cafeína es modificada y descompuesta por el cuerpo.

El CBD podría disminuir la velocidad con que el cuerpo descompone la cafeína. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de la cafeína en el cuerpo. Carbamazepina (Tegretol) La carbamazepina es modificada y degradada por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la carbamazepina.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de carbamazepina en el cuerpo y aumentar sus efectos secundarios. Citalopram (Celexa) La cafeína es modificada y descompuesta por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la velocidad con que el cuerpo descompone la cafeína. Esto podría aumentar los niveles del citalopram en el cuerpo.

Clobazam (Onfi) El clobazam es modificado y degradado por el hígado. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el hígado descompone el clobazam. Esto podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del clobazam. Eslicarbazepina (Aptiom) El cuerpo modifica y descompone la eslicarbazepina.

  • El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la eslicarbazepina.
  • Esto podría aumentar los niveles de eslicarbazepina en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad.
  • Estiripentol (Diacomit) El cuerpo modifica y descompone el estiripentol.
  • El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el estiripentol.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de estiripentol en el cuerpo y aumentar sus efectos secundarios. Everolimus (Zostress) Everolimus es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el everolimus. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de everolimus en el cuerpo.

  1. Litio Tomar dosis más altas de CBD podría aumentar los niveles de litio.
  2. Esto puede aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad por litio.
  3. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (medicamentos glucuronidados) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  4. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  1. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  2. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  3. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  • Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  • El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  1. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  2. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  3. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  • Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)) El hígado cambia y descompone algunos medicamentos.
  • El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con la que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.
  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.

Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.

  1. Medicamentos que aumentan la descomposición de otros medicamentos en el hígado (inductores del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD.
  2. Algunos medicamentos aumentan la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.
  3. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD.

Medicamentos que aumentan la descomposición de otros medicamentos por el hígado (inductores del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos aumentan la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD. Medicamentos que disminuyen la degradación de otros medicamentos en el hígado (inhibidores del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos disminuyen la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD. Medicamentos que disminuyen la degradación de otros medicamentos por el hígado (inhibidores del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos disminuyen la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD.
  • Medicamentos sedantes (depresores del SNC) El CBD puede causar somnolencia y respiración lenta.
  • Algunos medicamentos, llamados sedantes, también pueden causar somnolencia y respiración lenta.
  • Tomar CBD con medicamentos sedantes puede causar problemas respiratorios y / o demasiada somnolencia.

Metadona (Dolophine) La metadona es degradada por el hígado. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el hígado descompone la metadona. La ingesta de cannabidiol junto con metadona podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de la metadona.

Rufinamida (Banzel) El cuerpo modifica y degrada la rufinamida. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la rufinamida. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de rufinamida en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Sirolimus (Rapamune) El cuerpo modifica y degrada el sirolimus. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el sirolimus.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de sirolimus en el cuerpo. Tacrolimus (Prograf) El tacrolimus es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el tacrolimus. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de tacrolimus en el cuerpo.

Tamoxifeno (Soltamox) El cuerpo modifica y descompone el tamoxifeno. El CBD podría afectar la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el tamoxifeno. Esto podría afectar los niveles de tamoxifeno en el cuerpo. Topiramato (Topamax) El topiramato es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el topiramato.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de topiramato en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Valproato El ácido valproico puede causar daño hepático. La ingesta de cannabidiol con ácido valproico podría aumentar la posibilidad de lesión hepática. Es posible que sea necesario suspender el CBD y / o el ácido valproico, o es posible que sea necesario reducir la dosis.

Warfarina El CBD podría aumentar los niveles de warfarina, lo que puede aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia. Es posible que sea necesario suspender el CBD y / o la warfarina, o es posible que sea necesario reducir la dosis. Zonisamida El cuerpo modifica y degrada la zonisamida. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la zonisamida.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de zonisamida en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Hierbas y suplementos con propiedades sedantes El CBD puede causar somnolencia y respiración lenta. Tomarlo junto con otros suplementos con efectos similares puede causar demasiada somnolencia y / o respiración lenta en algunas personas.

  • Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen lúpulo, kava, L-triptófano, melatonina y valeriana.
  • No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.
  • El CBD ha sido utilizado con mayor frecuencia por adultos en dosis de 200 mg o menos por día.
  • Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una afección específica.

Para obtener información sobre el uso de CBD recetado, un producto llamado Epidiolex, hable con un proveedor de atención médica.2-5-pentilbenceno-1,3-diol, CBD. Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales,

  1. Miller OS, Elder EJ Jr, Jones KJ, Gidal BE. Analysis of cannabidiol (CBD) and THC in nonprescription consumer products: Implications for patients and practitioners. Epilepsy Behav 2022;127:108514. View abstract,
  2. Bloomfield MAP, Yamamori Y, Hindocha C, et al. The acute effects of cannabidiol on emotional processing and anxiety: a neurocognitive imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022. View abstract,
  3. Mongeau-Pérusse V, Rizkallah E, Morissette F, et al. Cannabidiol Effect on Anxiety Symptoms and Stress Response in Individuals With Cocaine Use Disorder: Exploratory Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Addict Med 2022. View abstract,
  4. Dieterle M, Zurbriggen L, Mauermann E, et al. Pain response to cannabidiol in opioid-induced hyperalgesia, acute nociceptive pain, and allodynia using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB II). Pain 2022. View abstract,
  5. Haffar A, Khan IA, Abdelaal MS, Banerjee S, Sharkey PF, Lonner JH. Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) After Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain or Opioid Use: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Arthroplasty 2022. View abstract,
  6. Bergeria CL, Spindle TR, Cone EJ, et al. Pharmacokinetic Profile of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products. J Anal Toxicol 2022. View abstract,
  7. Sahinovic A, Irwin C, Doohan PT, et al. Effects of Cannabidiol on Exercise Physiology and Bioenergetics: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial. Sports Med Open 2022;8:27. View abstract,
  8. Carvalho RK, Rocha TL, Fernandes FH, et al. Decreasing sperm quality in mice subjected to chronic cannabidiol exposure: New insights of cannabidiol-mediated male reproductive toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2022;351:109743. View abstract,
  9. Harris HM, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Sufka KJ. Differential Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog on Oxycodone Place Preference and Analgesia in Mice: an Opioid Abuse Deterrent with Analgesic Properties. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  10. Sepulveda DE, Morris DP, Raup-Konsavage WM, Sun D, Vrana KE, Graziane NM. Evaluating the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Cannabidiol Alone or in Combination with Morphine Using the Formalin Test in Male and Female Mice. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  11. Kaufmann R, Aqua K, Lombardo J, Lee M. Observed Impact of Long-term Consumption of Oral Cannabidiol on Liver Function in Healthy Adults. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  12. Jones É, Vlachou S. Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:1165. View abstract,
  13. Bolsoni LM, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC, Guimarães FS, Zuardi AW. Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms induced by the recall of traumatic events in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022. View abstract,
  14. Nguyen LC, Yang D, Nicolaescu V, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication through induction of the host ER stress and innate immune responses. Sci Adv 2022. View abstract,
  15. Köck P, Lang E, Trulley VN, et al. Cannabidiol Cigarettes as Adjunctive Treatment for Psychotic Disorders – A Randomized, Open-Label Pilot-Study. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:736822. View abstract,
  16. Crippa JAS, Pacheco JC, Zuardi AW, et al. Cannabidiol for COVID-19 Patients with Mild to Moderate Symptoms (CANDIDATE Study): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  17. Klotz KA, Grob D, Schönberger J, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study. CNS Drugs 2021;35:1207-1215. View abstract,
  18. Baranowska-Kuczko M, Kozlowska H, Kloza M, et al. Vasoprotective Endothelial Effects of Chronic Cannabidiol Treatment and Its Influence on the Endocannabinoid System in Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:1120. View abstract,
  19. Carmona-Hidalgo B, García-Martín A, Muñoz E, González-Mariscal I. Detrimental Effect of Cannabidiol on the Early Onset of Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:863. View abstract,
  20. Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Filloux F, et al. Long-term cannabidiol treatment for seizures in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: An open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021. View abstract,
  21. Hotz J, Fehlmann B, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ, Schicktanz NS. Cannabidiol enhances verbal episodic memory in healthy young participants: A randomized clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2021;143:327-333. View abstract,
  22. Nasrin S, Watson CJW, Perez-Paramo YX, Lazarus P. Cannabinoid Metabolites as Inhibitors of Major Hepatic CYP450 Enzymes, with Implications for Cannabis-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2021;49:1070-1080. View abstract,
  23. Davis BH, Beasley TM, Amaral M, et al. Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Cannabidiol Response and Tolerability in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021;110:1368-1380. View abstract,
  24. Partridge Snow & Hahn LLP. FDA Refuses to Approve CBVD As a Food Ingredient or Supplement. August 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/fda-refuses-to-approve-cbd-as-a-food-1880558. Accessed October 26, 2021.
  25. Masterson D. CBD from orange peels: A different CBD story. August 3, 2021. Available at: https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2021/08/03/CBD-from-orange-peels-A-different-CBD-story?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=03-Aug-2021&cid=DM973784&bid=1668435211. Accessed October 26, 2021.
  26. Yu JS, Premkumar A, Liu S, Sculco P. Rates of self-directed perioperative cannabidiol use in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Pain Manag 2021;11:655-660. View abstract,
  27. Vela J, Dreyer L, Petersen KK, Lars AN, Duch KS, Kristensen S. Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2021. View abstract,
  28. Isenmann E, Veit S, Starke L, Flenker U, Diel P. Effects of Cannabidiol Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Intensive Resistance Training. Nutrients 2021;13:3028. View abstract,
  29. Scheffer IE, Halford JJ, Miller I, et al. Add-on cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021;62:2505-2517. View abstract,
  30. Madan Cohen J, Checketts D, Dunayevich E, et al. Time to onset of cannabidiol treatment effects in Dravet syndrome: Analysis from two randomized controlled trials. Epilepsia 2021;62:2218-2227. View abstract,
  31. Patel AD, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, Chin RF, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of add-on cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021;62:2228-2239. View abstract,
  32. Scheffer IE, Hulihan J, Messenheimer J, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Transdermal Cannabidiol Gel in Children With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2123930. View abstract,
  33. Devinsky O, Kraft K, Rusch L, Fein M, Leone-Bay A. Improved Bioavailability with Dry Powder Cannabidiol Inhalation: A Phase 1 Clinical Study. J Pharm Sci 2021. View abstract,
  34. Czégény Z, Nagy G, Babinszki B, et al. CBD, a precursor of THC in e-cigarettes. Sci Rep 2021;11:8951. View abstract,
  35. Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW, Guimarães FS, et al. Burnout and Distress Prevention With Cannabidiol in Front-line Health Care Workers Dealing With COVID-19 (BONSAI) Trial Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Plus Standard Care vs Standard Care Alone for the Treatment of Emotional Exhaustion and Burnout Among Frontline Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open.2021 Aug 2;4:e2120603. View abstract,
  36. Arout CA, Haney M, Herrmann ES, Bedi G, Cooper ZD. The dose-dependent analgesic effects, abuse liability, safety and tolerability of oral cannabidiol in healthy humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2021. View abstract,
  37. Velayudhan L, McGoohan K, Bhattacharyya S. Safety and tolerability of natural and synthetic cannabinoids in adults aged over 50 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med.2021;18:e1003524. View abstract,
  38. van Orten-Luiten AB, de Roos NM, Majait S, Witteman BJM, Witkamp RF. Effects of Cannabidiol Chewing Gum on Perceived Pain and Well-Being of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Exploratory Intervention Study with Symptom-Driven Dosing. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.2021. View abstract,
  39. Thai C, Tayo B, Critchley D. A Phase 1 Open-Label, Fixed-Sequence Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Trial to Investigate the Effect of Cannabidiol on the CYP1A2 Probe Caffeine in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev.2021. View abstract,
  40. Spinella TC, Stewart SH, Naugler J, Yakovenko I, Barrett SP. Evaluating cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy effects on acute stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2021. View abstract,
  41. Schneider T, Zurbriggen L, Dieterle M, et al. Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I). Pain.2021. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002310. View abstract,
  42. Maghfour J, Rundle CW, Rietcheck HR, et al. Assessing the effects of topical cannabidiol in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Online J.2021;27:13030/qt8h50k2vs. View abstract,
  43. Leweke FM, Rohleder C, Gerth CW, Hellmich M, Pukrop R, Koethe D. Cannabidiol and Amisulpride Improve Cognition in Acute Schizophrenia in an Explorative, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Pharmacol.2021;12:614811. View abstract,
  44. Karoly HC, Mueller RL, Andrade CC, Hutchison KE. THC and CBD effects on alcohol use among alcohol and cannabis co-users. Psychol Addict Behav.2021. View abstract,
  45. Gaston TE, Ampah SB, Martina Bebin E, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of highly purified cannabidiol for treatment refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.2021;117:107862. View abstract,
  46. de Almeida CMO, Brito MMC, Bosaipo NB, et al. Cannabidiol for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord.2021. View abstract,
  47. Berger BA, Stolz U, Colvin J, Otten EJ. Epidemiology of cannabidiol related cases reported in the National Poison Data System – 2019-2020. Am J Emerg Med.2021;48:218-223. View abstract,
  48. Bebee B, Taylor DM, Bourke E, et al. The CANBACK trial: a randomised, controlled clinical trial of oral cannabidiol for people presenting to the emergency department with acute low back pain. Med J Aust.2021;214:370-375. View abstract,
  49. Anderson LL, Doohan PT, Oldfield L, et al. Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People. J Clin Psychopharmacol.2021. View abstract,
  50. Watkins PB, Church RJ, Li J, Knappertz V. Cannabidiol and Abnormal Liver Chemistries in Healthy Adults: Results of a Phase I Clinical Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther.2020. View abstract,
  51. Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Bhathal H, et al. Add-On Cannabidiol Treatment for Drug-Resistant Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol.2020. View abstract,
  52. Santos de Alencar S, Crippa JAS, Brito MCM, Pimentel ÂV, Cecilio Hallak JE, Tumas V. A single oral dose of cannabidiol did not reduce upper limb tremor in patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord.2021;83:37-40. View abstract,
  53. Parihar V, Rogers A, Blain AM, Zacharias SRK, Patterson LL, Siyam MA. Reduction in Tamoxifen Metabolites Endoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen With Chronic Administration of Low Dose Cannabidiol: A CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 Drug Interaction. J Pharm Pract.2020:897190020972208. View abstract,
  54. Oruganti P, Betcher S, Wakade Z, Ding X, Abegunde AT. Cannabidiol Oil-Associated Microscopic Colitis. Cureus.2020;12:e10528. View abstract,
  55. Leehey MA, Liu Y, Hart F, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.2020;5:326-336. View abstract,
  56. Hosseini A, McLachlan AJ, Lickliter JD. A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single-dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2020. View abstract,
  57. Freeman TP, Hindocha C, Baio G, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial. Lancet Psychiatry.2020; 7:865-874. View abstract,
  58. Cochrane-Snyman KC, Cruz C, Morales J, Coles M. The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2021. View abstract,
  59. Capano A, Weaver R, Burkman E. Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: a prospective cohort study. Postgrad Med.2020;132:56-61. View abstract,
  60. Woelfl T, Rohleder C, Mueller JK, et al. Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Front Psychiatry.2020;11:576877. View abstract,
  61. Cole TB, Saitz R. Cannabis and Impaired Driving. JAMA.2020;324:2163-2164. View abstract,
  62. Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, Kevin RC, Theunissen EL, McGregor IS, Ramaekers JG. Effect of Cannabidiol and ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA.2020;324:2177-2186. View abstract,
  63. Singh RK, Dillon B, Tatum DA, Van Poppel KC, Bonthius DJ. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Lithium. Child Neurol Open.2020;7:2329048X20947896. View abstract,
  64. Izgelov D, Davidson E, Barasch D, Regev A, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. Pharmacokinetic investigation of synthetic cannabidiol oral formulations in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm.2020;154:108-115. View abstract,
  65. Gurley BJ, Murphy TP, Gul W, Walker LA, ElSohly M. Content versus Label Claims in Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Products Obtained from Commercial Outlets in the State of Mississippi. J Diet Suppl.2020;17:599-607. View abstract,
  66. McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.Am J Psychiatry.2018;175:225-231. View abstract,
  67. Cortopassi J. Warfarin dose adjustment required after cannabidiol initiation and titration. Am J Health Syst Pharm.2020;77:1846-1851. View abstract,
  68. Bloomfield MAP, Green SF, Hindocha C, et al. The effects of acute cannabidiol on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to memory: An arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychopharmacol.2020;34:981-989. View abstract,
  69. Lopez HL, Cesareo KR, Raub B, et al. Effects of hemp extract on markers of wellness, stress resilience, recovery and clinical biomarkers of safety in overweight, but otherwise healthy subjects. J Diet Suppl.2020;17:561-86. View abstracts,
  70. Wang GS, Bourne DWA, Klawitter J, et al. Disposition of Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extracts in Children with Epilepsy. Clin Pharmacokinet.2020. View abstract,
  71. Taylor L, Crockett J, Tayo B, Checketts D, Sommerville K. Abrupt withdrawal of cannabidiol (CBD): A randomized trial. Epilepsy Behav.2020;104(Pt A):106938. View abstract,
  72. McNamara NA, Dang LT, Sturza J, et al. Thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients on concurrent cannabidiol and valproic acid. Epilepsia.2020. View abstract,
  73. Rianprakaisang T, Gerona R, Hendrickson RG. Commercial cannabidiol oil contaminated with the synthetic cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA given to a pediatric patient. Clin Toxicol (Phila).2020;58:215-216. View abstract,
  74. Morrison G, Crockett J, Blakey G, Sommerville K. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev.2019;8:1009-1031. View abstract,
  75. Miller I, Scheffer IE, Gunning B, et al. Dose-Ranging Effect of Adjunctive Oral Cannabidiol vs Placebo on Convulsive Seizure Frequency in Dravet Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol.2020;77:613-621. View abstract,
  76. Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Striano P, et al. Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia.2020;61:1090-1098. View abstract,
  77. Hobbs JM, Vazquez AR, Remijan ND, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and acute anti-inflammatory potential of two oral cannabidiol preparations in healthy adults. Phytother Res.2020;34:1696-1703. View abstract,
  78. Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Agricola KD, Tudor C, Krueger D, Franz DN. Cannabidiol Elevates Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Levels in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Pediatr Neurol.2020;105:59-61. View abstract,
  79. de Carvalho Reis R, Almeida KJ, da Silva Lopes L, de Melo Mendes CM, Bor-Seng-Shu E. Efficacy and adverse event profile of cannabidiol and medicinal cannabis for treatment-resistant epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav.2020;102:106635. View abstract,
  80. Darweesh RS, Khamis TN, El-Elimat T. The effect of cannabidiol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.2020. View abstract,
  81. Crockett J, Critchley D, Tayo B, Berwaerts J, Morrison G. A phase 1, randomized, pharmacokinetic trial of the effect of different meal compositions, whole milk, and alcohol on cannabidiol exposure and safety in healthy subjects. Epilepsia.2020;61:267-277. View abstract,
  82. Chesney E, Oliver D, Green A, et al. Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology.2020. View abstract,
  83. Ben-Menachem E, Gunning B, Arenas Cabrera CM, et al. A Phase II Randomized Trial to Explore the Potential for Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions with Stiripentol or Valproate when Combined with Cannabidiol in Patients with Epilepsy. CNS Drugs.2020;34:661-672. View abstract,
  84. Bass J, Linz DR. A Case of Toxicity from Cannabidiol Gummy Ingestion. Cureus.2020;12:e7688. View abstract,
  85. Hampson AJ, Grimaldi M, Axelrod J, Wink D. Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998;95:8268-73. View abstract,
  86. Hacke ACM, Lima D, de Costa F, et al. Probing the antioxidant activity of -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in Cannabis sativa extracts. Analyst.2019;144:4952-4961. View abstract,
  87. Madden K, Tanco K, Bruera E. Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interaction Between Methadone and Cannabidiol. Pediatrics.2020;e20193256. View abstract,
  88. Hazekamp A. The trouble with CBD oil. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids.2018 Jun;1:65-72.
  89. Xu DH, Cullen BD, Tang M, Fang Y. The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2019 Dec 1. View abstract,
  90. de Faria SM, de Morais Fabrício D, Tumas V, et al. Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol.2020 Jan 7:269881119895536. View abstract,
  91. Nitecka-Buchta A, Nowak-Wachol A, Wachol K, et al. Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. J Clin Med.2019 Nov 6;8. pii: E1886. View abstract,
  92. Masataka N. Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders. Front Psychol.2019 Nov 8;10:2466. View abstract,
  93. Appiah-Kusi E, Petros N, Wilson R, et al. Effects of short-term cannabidiol treatment on response to social stress in subjects at clinical high risk of developing psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2020 Jan 8. View abstract,
  94. Hussain SA, Dlugos DJ, Cilio MR, Parikh N, Oh A, Sankar R. Synthetic pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol for treatment of refractory infantile spasms: A multicenter phase-2 study. Epilepsy Behav.2020 Jan;102:106826. View abstract,
  95. Klotz KA, Grob D, Hirsch M, Metternich B, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Efficacy and Tolerance of Synthetic Cannabidiol for Treatment of Drug Resistant Epilepsy. Front Neurol.2019 Dec 10;10:1313. View abstract,
  96. “GW Pharmaceuticals plc and Its U.S. Subsidiary Greenwich Biosciences, Inc. Announce That EPIDIOLEX® (cannabidiol) Oral Solution Has Been Descheduled And Is No Longer A Controlled Substance.” GW Pharmaceuticals, 6 April 2020. http://ir.gwpharm.com/node/11356/pdf. Press release.
  97. Wiemer-Kruel A, Stiller B, Bast T. Cannabidiol Interacts Significantly with Everolimus-Report of a Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Neuropediatrics.2019. View abstract,
  98. FDA Consumer Updates: What You Should Know About Using Cannabis, Including CBD, When Pregnant or Breastfeeding.U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-should-know-about-using-cannabis-including-cbd-when-pregnant-or-breastfeeding.
  99. Taylor L, Crockett J, Tayo B, Morrison G. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Single-Dose Trial of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Subjects With Mild to Severe Hepatic Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol.2019;59:1110-1119. View abstract,
  100. Szaflarski JP, Hernando K, Bebin EM, et al. Higher cannabidiol plasma levels are associated with better seizure response following treatment with a pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol. Epilepsy Behav.2019;95:131-136. View abstract,
  101. Pretzsch CM, Voinescu B, Mendez MA, et al. The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on low-frequency activity and functional connectivity in the brain of adults with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Psychopharmacol.2019:269881119858306. View abstract,
  102. Pretzsch CM, Freyberg J, Voinescu B, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on brain excitation and inhibition systems; a randomised placebo-controlled single dose trial during magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology.2019;44:1398-1405. View abstract,
  103. Patrician A, Versic-Bratincevic M, Mijacika T, et al. Examination of a New Delivery Approach for Oral Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetics Study. Adv Ther.2019. View abstract,
  104. Martin RC, Gaston TE, Thompson M, et al. Cognitive functioning following long-term cannabidiol use in adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.2019;97:105-110. View abstract,
  105. Leino AD, Emoto C, Fukuda T, Privitera M, Vinks AA, Alloway RR. Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus. Am J Transplant.2019;19:2944-2948. View abstract,
  106. Laux LC, Bebin EM, Checketts D, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results. Epilepsy Res.2019;154:13-20. View abstract,
  107. Knaub K, Sartorius T, Dharsono T, Wacker R, Wilhelm M, Schön C. A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Molecules.2019;24. pii: E2967. View abstract,
  108. Klotz KA, Hirsch M, Heers M, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Effects of cannabidiol on brivaracetam plasma levels. Epilepsia.2019;60:e74-e77. View abstract,
  109. Heussler H, Cohen J, Silove N, et al. A phase 1/2, open-label assessment of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of transdermal cannabidiol (ZYN002) for the treatment of pediatric fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord.2019;11:16. View abstract,
  110. Couch DG, Cook H, Ortori C, Barrett D, Lund JN, O’Sullivan SE. Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis.2019;25:1006-1018. View abstract,
  111. Birnbaum AK, Karanam A, Marino SE, et al. Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia.2019 Aug;60:1586-1592. View abstract,
  112. Arkell TR, Lintzeris N, Kevin RC, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognition. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2019;236:2713-2724. View abstract,
  113. Anderson LL, Absalom NL, Abelev SV, et al. Coadministered cannabidiol and clobazam: Preclinical evidence for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Epilepsia.2019. View abstract,
  114. Product information for Marinol. AbbVie. North Chicago, IL 60064. August 2017. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/018651s029lbl.pdf.
  115. Epidiolex (cannabidiol) prescribing information. Greenwich Biosciences, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 2019. Available at: https://www.epidiolex.com/sites/default/files/EPIDIOLEX_Full_Prescribing_Information.pdf (accessed 5/9/2019)
  116. Statement from FDA Commissioner Scot Gottlieb, M.D., on signing of the Agriculture Improvement Act and the agency’s regulation of products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds.U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-signing-agriculture-improvement-act-and-agencys. (Accessed May 7, 2019).
  117. Agriculture Improvement Act, S.10113, 115th Cong. or S.12619, 115th Cong.,
  118. Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement in Schedule V of Certain FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Cannabidiol; Corresponding Change to Permit Requirements. Final order. Fed Regist.2018 Sep 28;83:48950-3. View abstract,
  119. Schoedel KA, Szeto I, Setnik B, et al. Abuse potential assessment of cannabidiol (CBD) in recreational polydrug users: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Nov;88:162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.07.027. Epub 2018 Oct 2. View abstract,
  120. Devinsky O, Verducci C, Thiele EA, et al. Open-label use of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex®) in patients with CDKL5 deficiency disorder and Aicardi, Dup15q, and Doose syndromes. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Sep;86:131-137. Epub 2018 Jul 11. View abstract,
  121. Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Cutter G, DeWolfe J, et al. Cannabidiol improves frequency and severity of seizures and reduces adverse events in an open-label add-on prospective study. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Oct;87:131-136. Epub 2018 Aug 9. View abstract,
  122. Linares IM, Zuardi AW, Pereira LC, et al. Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. Braz J Psychiatry.2019 Jan-Feb;41:9-14. Epub 2018 Oct 11. View abstract,
  123. Poklis JL, Mulder HA, Peace MR. The unexpected identification of the cannabimimetic, 5F-ADB, and dextromethorphan in commercially available cannabidiol e-liquids. Forensic Sci Int.2019 Jan;294:e25-e27. Epub 2018 Nov 1. View abstract,
  124. Hurd YL, Spriggs S, Alishayev J, et al. Cannabidiol for the Reduction of Cue-Induced Craving and Anxiety in Drug-Abstinent Individuals With Heroin Use Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry.2019:appiajp201918101191. View abstract,
  125. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet.2018 Mar 17;391:1085-1096. View abstract,
  126. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med.2018 May 17;378:1888-1897. View abstract,
  127. Pavlovic R, Nenna G, Calvi L, et al. Quality Traits of “Cannabidiol Oils”: Cannabinoids Content, Terpene Fingerprint and Oxidation Stability of European Commercially Available Preparations. Molecules.2018 May 20;23. pii: E1230. View abstract,
  128. Naftali T, Mechulam R, Marii A, et al. Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment of Crohn’s Disease, a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci.2017 Jun;62:1615-20. View abstract,
  129. Kaplan EH, Offermann EA, Sievers JW, Comi AM. Cannabidiol treatment for refractory seizures in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol.2017 Jun;71:18-23.e2. View abstract,
  130. Yeshurun M, Shpilberg O, Herscovici C, et al. Cannabidiol for the prevention of graft-versus-host-disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: results of a phase II study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2015 Oct;21:1770-5. View abstract,
  131. Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Bruno PL, Thiele EA. Drug-drug interaction between clobazam and cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia.2015 Aug;56:1246-51. View abstract,
  132. Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, et la. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol.2016 Mar;15:270-8. View abstract,
  133. 97021 Jadoon KA, Ratcliffe SH, Barrett DA, et al. Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabivarin on glycemic and lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group pilot study. Diabetes Care.2016 Oct;39:1777-86. View abstract,
  134. Gofshteyn JS, Wilfong A, Devinsky O, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) in the acute and chronic phases. J Child Neurol.2017 Jan;32:35-40. View abstract,
  135. Hess EJ, Moody KA, Geffrey AL, et al. Cannabidiol as a new treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia.2016 Oct;57:1617-24. View abstract,
  136. Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Liu Y, Szaflarski JP; UAB CBD Program. Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia.2017 Sep;58:1586-92. View abstract,
  137. Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. N Engl J Med.2017 May 25;376:2011-2020. View abstract,
  138. Bonn-Miller MO, Loflin MJE, Thomas BF, Marcu JP, Hyke T, Vandrey R. Labeling accuracy of cannabidiol extracts sold online. JAMA 2017 Nov;318:1708-9. View abstract,
  139. Malfait AM, Gallily R, Sumariwalla PF, et al. The non-psychoactive cannabis-constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:9561-6. View abstract,
  140. Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation 1988;12:361-71. View abstract,
  141. Valvassori SS, Elias G, de Souza B, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:274-80. View abstract,
  142. Esposito G, Scuderi C, Savani C, et al. Cannabidiol in vivo blunts beta-amyloid induced neuroinflammation by suppressing IL-1beta and iNOS expression. Br J Pharmacol 2007;151:1272-9. View abstract,
  143. Esposito G, De Filippis D, Maiuri MC, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in beta-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement. Neurosci Lett 2006;399(1-2):91-5. View abstract,
  144. Iuvone T, Esposito G, De Filippis D, et al. Cannabidiol: a promising new drug for neurodegenerative disorders? CNS Neurosci Ther 2009;15:65-75. View abstract,
  145. Bisogno T, Di Marzo Y. The role of the endocannabinoid system in Alzheimer’s disease: facts and hypotheses. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:2299-3305. View abstract,
  146. Zuardi AW. Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008;30:271-80. View abstract,
  147. Izzo AA, Borelli F, Capasso R, et al. Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30:515-27. View abstract,
  148. Booz GW. Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011;51:1054-61. View abstract,
  149. Pickens JT. Sedative activity of cannabis in relation to its delta’-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:649-56. View abstract,
  150. Monti JM. Hypnoticlike effects of cannabidiol in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977;55:263-5. View abstract,
  151. Karler R, Turkanis SA. Subacute cannabinoid treatment: anticonvulsant activity and withdrawal excitability in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1980;68:479-84. View abstract,
  152. Karler R, Cely W, Turkanis SA. The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol. Life Sci 1973;13:1527-31. View abstract,
  153. Consroe PF, Wokin AL. Anticonvulsant interaction of cannabidiol and ethosuximide in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1977;29:500-1. View abstract,
  154. Consroe P, Wolkin A. Cannabidiol-antiepilpetic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977;201:26-32. View abstract,
  155. Carlini EA, Leite JR, Tannhauser M, Berardi AC. Letter: Cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extract protect mice and rats against convulsive agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 1973;25:664-5. View abstract,
  156. Cryan JF, Markou A, Lucki I. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002;23:238-45. View abstract,
  157. El-Alfy AT, Ivey K, Robinson K, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010;95:434-42. View abstract,
  158. Resstel LB, Tavares RF, Lisboa SF, et al.5-HT1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioral and cardiovascular responses to acute stress in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009;156:181-8. View abstract,
  159. Granjeiro EM, Gomes FV, Guimaraes FS, et al. Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011;99:743-8. View abstract,
  160. Murillo-Rodriguez E, Millan-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, et al. Cannabidiol, a constituent of Cannabis sativa, modulates sleep in rats. FEBS Lett 2006;580:4337-45. View abstract,
  161. De Filippis D, Esposito G, Cirillo C, et al. Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis. PLoS One 2011;6:e28159. View abstract,
  162. Dalton WS, Martz R, Lemberger L, et al. Influence of cannabidiol on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;19:300-9. View abstract,
  163. Guimaraes VM, Zuardi AW, Del Bel EA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol increases Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Life Sci 2004;75:633-8. View abstract,
  164. Moreira FA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychomimetic drugs in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;512(2-3):199-205. View abstract,
  165. Long LE, Chesworth R, Huang XF, et al. A behavioral comparison of acute and chronic Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in C57BL/6JArc mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:861-76. View abstract,
  166. Zuardi AW, Rodriguez JA, Cunha JM. Effects of cannabidiol in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104:260-4. View abstract,
  167. Malone DT, Jongejan D, Taylor DA. Cannabidiol reverses the reduction in social interaction produced by low dose Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009;93:91-6. View abstract,
  168. Schubart CD, Sommer IE, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;24:51-64. View abstract,
  169. Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, et al. Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012;367:3364-78. View abstract,
  170. Fusar-Poli P, Allen P, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:421-32. View abstract,
  171. Casarotto PC, Gomes FV, Resstel LB, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behavior: involvement of CB1 receptors. Behav Pharmacol 2010;21:353-8. View abstract,
  172. Uribe-Marino A, Francisco A, Castiblanco-Urbina MA, et al. Anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on innate fear-induced behaviors evoked by an ethological model of panic attacks based on a prey vs the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus confrontation paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37:412-21. View abstract,
  173. Campos AC, Guimaraes FS. Activation of 5HT1A receptors mediates the anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in a PTSD model. Behav Pharmacol 2009;20:S54.
  174. Resstel LB, Joca SR, Moreira FA, et al. Effects of cannabidiol and diazepam on behavioral and cardiovascular responses induced by contextual conditioned fear in rats. Behav Brain Res 2006;172:294-8. View abstract,
  175. Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, Guimaraes FS. Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:1466-71. View abstract,
  176. Onaivi ES, Green MR, Martin BR. Pharmacological characterization of cannabinoids in the elevated plus maze. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;253:1002-9. View abstract,
  177. Guimaraes FS, Chairetti TM, Graeff FG, Zuardi AW. Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;100:558-9. View abstract,
  178. Magen I, Avraham Y, Ackerman Z, et al. Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in mice with bile duct ligation. J Hepatol 2009;51:528-34. View abstract,
  179. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:2115-25. View abstract,
  180. El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Khalifa Y, et al. Neuroprotective and blood-retinal barrier-preserving effects of cannabidiol in experimental diabetes. Am J Pathol 2006;168:235-44. View abstract,
  181. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates high glucose-induces endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H610-H619. View abstract,
  182. Toth CC, Jedrzejewski NM, Ellis CL, Frey WH. Cannabinoid-mediated modulation of neuropathic pain and microglial accumulation in a model of murine type 1 diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2010;6:16. View abstract,
  183. Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, et al. Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012;90:925-34. View abstract,
  184. Lee CY, Wey SP, Liao MH, et al. A comparative study on cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes and EL-4 thymoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2008;8:732-40. View abstract,
  185. Massi P, Valenti M, Vaccani A, et al.5-Lipoxygenase and anandamide hydrolase (FAAH) mediate the antitumor activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid. J Neurochem 2008;104:1091-100. View abstract,
  186. Valenti M, Massi P, Bolognini D, et al. Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound inhibits human glioma cell migration and invasiveness.34th National Congress of the Italian Society of Pharmacology 2009.
  187. Torres S, Lorente M, Rodriguez-Fornes F, et al. A combined preclinical therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide against glioma. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:90-103. View abstract,
  188. Jacobsson SO, Rongard E, Stridh M, et al. Serum-dependent effects of tamoxifen and cannabinoids upon C6 glioma cell viability. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;60:1807-13. View abstract,
  189. Shrivastava A, Kuzontkoski PM, Groopman JE, Prasad A. Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:1161-72. View abstract,
  190. McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, et al. Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;129:37-47. View abstract,
  191. McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, et al. Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6:2921-7. View abstract,
  192. Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Starowicz K, et al. Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:1375-87. View abstract,
  193. Massi P, Solinas M, Cinquina V, Parolaro D. Cannabidiol as a potential anticancer drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;75:303-12. View abstract,
  194. Schubart CD, Sommer IE, van Gastel WA, et al. Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences. Schizophr Res 2011;130(1-3):216-21. View abstract,
  195. Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27:19-27. View abstract,
  196. Devinsky O, Cilio MR, Cross H, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia 2014;55:791-802. View abstract,
  197. Serpell MG, Notcutt W, Collin C. Sativex long-term use: an open-label trial in patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2013;260:285-95. View abstract,
  198. Notcutt W, Langford R, Davies P, et al. A placebo-controlled, parallel group, randomized withdrawal study of subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis who are receiving long-term Sativex (nabiximols). Mult Scler 2012;18:219-28. View abstract,
  199. Brady CM, DasGupta R, Dalton C, et al. An open-label study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfuntion in advanced multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004;10:425-33. View abstract,
  200. Kavia RB, De Ridder D, Constantinescu CS, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Sativex to treat detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010;16:1349-59. View abstract,
  201. Wade DT, Makela PM, House H, et al. Long-term use of a cannabis-based treatment in spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12:639-45. View abstract,
  202. Novotna A, Mares J, Ratcliffe S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity cause by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:1122-31. View abstract,
  203. Overview. GW Pharmaceuticals Web site. Available at: http://www.gwpharm.com/about-us-overview.aspx. Accessed: May 31, 2015.
  204. Cannabidiol Now Showing Up In Dietary Supplements. Natural Medicines Web site. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/news/news-items/2015/march/cannabidiol-now-showing-up-in-dietary-supplements.aspx, (Accessed May 31, 2015).
  205. Zuardi AW, Cosme RA, Graeff FG, Guimaraes FS. Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety. J Psychopharmacol 1993;7(1 Suppl):82-8. View abstract,
  206. Leighty EG, Fentiman AF Jr, Foltz RL. Long-retained metabolites of delta9- and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols identified as novel fatty acid conjugates. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976;14:13-28. View abstract,
  207. Samara E, Bialer M, Mechoulam R. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 1988;16:469-72. View abstract,
  208. Consroe P, Sandyk R, Snider SR. Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. Int J Neurosci 1986;30:277-82. View abstract,
  209. Crippa JA, Derenusson GN, Ferrari TB, et al. Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:121-30. View abstract,
  210. Bornheim LM, Everhart ET, Li J, Correia MA. Characterization of cannabidiol-mediated cytochrome P450 inactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;45:1323-31. View abstract,
  211. Harvey DJ. Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of the cannabinoids. Marijuana and Medicine.1999;91-103.
  212. Yamaori S, Ebisawa J, Okushima Y, et al. Potent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by cannabidiol: role of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the resorcinol moiety. Life Sci 2011;88(15-16):730-6. View abstract,
  213. Yamaori S, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Cannabidiol, a major phytocannabinoid, as a potent atypical inhibitor for CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos 2011;39:2049-56. View abstract,
  214. Yamaori S, Maeda C, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Differential inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2B6 by major phytocannabinoids. Forensic Toxicol 2011;29:117-24.
  215. Yamaori S, Kushihara M, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Characterization of major phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol and cannabinol, as isoform-selective potent inhibitors of human CYP1 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;79:1691-8. View abstract,
  216. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:979-83. View abstract,
  217. Morgan CJ, Das RK, Joye A, et al. Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: preliminary findings. Addict Behav 2013;38:2433-6. View abstract,
  218. Pertwee RG. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delat9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 2008;153:199-215. View abstract,
  219. Leweke FM, Kranaster L, Pahlisch F, et al. The efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of schizophrenia – a translational approach. Schizophr Bull 2011;37(Suppl 1):313.
  220. Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, et al. Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2:e94. View abstract,
  221. Carroll CB, Bain PG, Teare L, et al. Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Neurology 2004;63:1245-50. View abstract,
  222. Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1219-26. View abstract,
  223. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006;39:421-9. View abstract,
  224. Yadav V, Bever C Jr, Bowen J, et al. Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology.2014;82:1083-92. View abstract,
  225. Trembly B, Sherman M. Double-blind clinical study of cannabidiol as a secondary anticonvulsant. Marijuana ’90 International Conference on Cannabis and Cannabinoids 1990;2:5.
  226. Srivastava, M.D., Srivastava, B.I., and Brouhard, B. Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology 1998;40:179-185. View abstract,
  227. Cunha, J.M., Carlini, E.A., Pereira, A.E., Ramos, O.L., Pimentel, C., Gagliardi, R., Sanvito, W.L., Lander, N., and Mechoulam, R. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology 1980;21:175-185. View abstract,
  228. Carlini EA, Cunha JM. Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):417S-27S. View abstract,
  229. Zuardi, A.W., Shirakawa, I., Finkelfarb, E., and Karniol, I.G. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982;76:245-250. View abstract,
  230. Ames, F.R. and Cridland, S. Anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol.S.Afr.Med.J.1-4-1986;69:14. View abstract,
  231. Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J.E., Andersson, S., Agurell, S., Gillespie, H., and Hollister, L.E. Single-dose kinetics of deuterium-labelled cannabidiol in man after smoking and intravenous administration. Biomed.Environ Mass Spectrom.1986;13:77-83. View abstract,
  232. Wade, D.T., Collin, C., Stott, C., and Duncombe, P. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Sativex (nabiximols), on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult.Scler.2010;16:707-714. View abstract,
  233. Collin, C., Ehler, E., Waberzinek, G., Alsindi, Z., Davies, P., Powell, K., Notcutt, W., O’Leary, C., Ratcliffe, S., Novakova, I., Zapletalova, O., Pikova, J., and Ambler, Z. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of Sativex, in subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. Neurol.Res.2010;32:451-459. View abstract,
  234. Crippa, J.A., Zuardi, A.W., Martin-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., and Fusar-Poli, P. Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Hum.Psychopharmacol.2009;24:515-523. View abstract,
  235. Consroe, P., Laguna, J., Allender, J., Snider, S., Stern, L., Sandyk, R., Kennedy, K., and Schram, K. Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington’s disease. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:701-708. View abstract,
  236. Harvey, D.J., Samara, E., and Mechoulam, R. Comparative metabolism of cannabidiol in dog, rat and man. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:523-532. View abstract,
  237. Collin, C., Davies, P., Mutiboko, I.K., and Ratcliffe, S. Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur.J.Neurol.2007;14:290-296. View abstract,
  238. Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Bianchessi, S., Costa, B., Macchi, P., and Parolaro, D. The non-psychoactive cannabidiol triggers caspase activation and oxidative stress in human glioma cells. Cell Mol.Life Sci.2006;63:2057-2066. View abstract,
  239. Weiss, L., Zeira, M., Reich, S., Har-Noy, M., Mechoulam, R., Slavin, S., and Gallily, R. Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Autoimmunity 2006;39:143-151. View abstract,
  240. Watzl, B., Scuderi, P., and Watson, R.R. Marijuana components stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cell secretion of interferon-gamma and suppress interleukin-1 alpha in vitro. Int J Immunopharmacol.1991;13:1091-1097. View abstract,
  241. Consroe, P., Kennedy, K., and Schram, K. Assay of plasma cannabidiol by capillary gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectroscopy following high-dose repeated daily oral administration in humans. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:517-522. View abstract,
  242. Barnes, M.P. Sativex: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain. Expert.Opin.Pharmacother.2006;7:607-615. View abstract,
  243. Wade, D.T., Makela, P., Robson, P., House, H., and Bateman, C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult.Scler.2004;10:434-441. View abstract,
  244. Iuvone, T., Esposito, G., Esposito, R., Santamaria, R., Di Rosa, M., and Izzo, A.A. Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. J Neurochem.2004;89:134-141. View abstract,
  245. Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Ceruti, S., Colombo, A., Abbracchio, M.P., and Parolaro, D. Antitumor effects of cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, on human glioma cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther.2004;308:838-845. View abstract,
  246. Crippa, J.A., Zuardi, A.W., Garrido, G.E., Wichert-Ana, L., Guarnieri, R., Ferrari, L., Azevedo-Marques, P.M., Hallak, J.E., McGuire, P.K., and Filho, Busatto G. Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:417-426. View abstract,
  247. Wade, D.T., Robson, P., House, H., Makela, P., and Aram, J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin.Rehabil.2003;17:21-29. View abstract,
  248. Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs.11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.
You might be interested:  Como Conseguir Trabajo En España Desde Argentina

Documento revisado – 07/20/2022

¿Cuánto dura un frasco de aceite de CBD?

¿Cuánto dura la vida útil de la mayoría de los productos de CBD? –

  • A diferencia de otros productos que puedes tener en casa durante años y se conservan bien, los productos de CBD tienen una fecha de caducidad mucho más corta a la que deberías estar atento.
  • Hay algunos factores que pueden influir en la vida útil de cualquier producto de CBD, como la calidad, los ingredientes, el proceso de extracción, así como el envase y la forma de almacenarlo.
  • En general, los productos de CBD suelen durar entre 1 y 2 años, dependiendo de todos los factores mencionados anteriormente.
  • Seguidamente, hablaremos de lo que hace que caduquen más rápido y de cómo puedes mantener tus productos frescos durante el mayor tiempo posible.

¿Cuánto tiempo dura el efecto de las gotas de CBD?

El CBD suele permanecer en el organismo de 2 a 5 días, pero este intervalo no se aplica a todo el mundo. Para algunos, el CBD puede permanecer en su sistema durante semanas. El tiempo que el CBD permanece en el organismo va a depender de varios factores.

La cantidad de CBD que uses

Como ocurre con la mayoría de las sustancias, cuanto mayor sea la dosis, más tiempo permanecerá el CBD en el organismo.

Con qué frecuencia utilizas el CBD

La frecuencia de uso también determina el tiempo que el CBD permanece en el cuerpo. El CBD se acumula en el cuerpo con el tiempo si se utiliza regularmente. Por eso, se recomienda usarlo durante al menos una semana para ver si te funciona. Si solo lo usas de vez en cuando, tu sistema se limpiará más rápido.

Como absorbe tu cuerpo el CBD

El cuerpo de cada persona es diferente. Por eso el CBD y otras sustancias afectan a las personas de forma diferente, El índice de masa corporal, el contenido de agua y el metabolismo son algunas de las cosas que pueden influir en el tiempo que el CBD permanece en tu organismo.

Tu alimentación habitual

Lo que comes, la cantidad que comes y el momento en que lo haces son factores importantes. Si usas CBD con el estómago vacío, se metaboliza y se elimina más rápido que si lo usas con el estómago lleno, ya que va a hacer que la digestión sea más lenta.

Tipo de producto de CBD

Hay varias formas de usar el CBD, El método que utilices afecta a todo, desde a la duración de los efectos, hasta el tiempo que permanece en tu cuerpo. Las diferentes formas de CBD incluyen:

Aceite de CBD Comética CBD Vapeo CBD Flores de CBD

¿Cuánto tiempo tardan los efectos del CBD en aparecer? Varía en función de los mismos factores que influyen en el tiempo que el CBD permanece en el organismo. La forma utilizada, la dosis y la composición de tu cuerpo juegan un papel importante y hacen que sea difícil predecir la rapidez con la que el CBD hará efecto o cómo te va a afectar.

Por lo general, puedes empezar a sentir los efectos del CBD a los 15 minutos de utilizarlo. Los productos tópicos pueden tardar hasta una o dos horas en hacer efecto. ¿Cuánto duran los efectos del CBD? De nuevo, todo depende de tu cuerpo, de la cantidad que utilices y de cómo lo uses. Pero en general, los efectos del CBD pueden durar de 2 a 6 horas,

¿Puede aparecer en un test de drogas? El CBD no debería aparecer en un control de drogas, no obstante si el producto de CBD contiene THC, sí que lo hará, El THC es el principal ingrediente activo de la marihuana. Es el responsable del efecto de estar “colocado”.

CBD de espectro completo : Los extractos de CBD de espectro completo contienen todos los compuestos naturales de la planta de la que se extraen, incluido el THC.

CBD de amplio espectro : Es similar al CBD de espectro completo, pero pasa por un proceso para eliminar el THC.

Aislado de CBD : Esta opción solo contiene CBD.

Si opta por un CBD de espectro completo, busque un CBD derivado del cáñamo en lugar de uno derivado de la marihuana. La ley exige que el CBD derivado del cáñamo contenga menos del 0,2 % de THC de fuente fiable. ¿Se puede usar CBD durante embarazo o lactancia? No se recomienda el uso de CBD durante el embarazo y la lactancia,

Si planeas amamantar en el futuro, evita el uso de CBD durante al menos una semana antes. La “Food and Drug Administration Trusted Source” lo desaconseja por la falta de investigaciones sobre los efectos del CBD en los bebés amamantados. Lo que sabemos hasta ahora es que parte del CBD podría transferirse a los bebés a través de la leche materna.

Los productos con CBD también pueden contener THC y otras sustancias que pueden suponer un riesgo para el bebé amamantado. La investigación está en curso, pero hasta que los expertos sepan más, es mejor evitar el uso del CBD durante el embarazo o la lactancia,

You might be interested:  Como Regularizar Mi Deuda De Monotributo

¿Cuántas gotas de CBD se debe tomar al día?

¿Qué dosis de CBD es la recomendada por los estudios? – Cuando se habla de dosis de aceite de CBD, las guías de países donde este está regulado por el Gobierno, como Canadá, siempre aconsejan una dosis inicial pequeña e irla aumentando en función de las características físicas, de las necesidades de la persona y de la concentración del producto.

Si partimos de un aceite al 10%, la recomendación va desde una 1 gota/día a partir de 11 kilogramos a 11 gotas para personas de más de 108 kilos. La mayoría de sus usuarios reporta una mejora de su calidad de vida. Si ya tienes en casa un aceite con una concentración del 5% de CBD, por ejemplo, las dosis son diferentes.

El modo de repartir la dosis depende de cada persona: a algunos les funciona mejor usar las gotas antes de dormir y otros prefieren dividirla en tres usos a lo largo del día (mañana, tarde y noche). Recuerda que el CBD es una sustancia totalmente segura: no tengas miedo de experimentar con tus momentos de uso hasta atinar con lo que mejor te funciona.

  • Otra opción es que hayas comprado un aceite en spray.
  • No te preocupes.
  • Solo tienes que saber que cada pulsación es igual a 3 gotas.
  • Este sistema tiene un inconveniente: las circunstancias en que se quiere aplicar una cantidad menor a la que sale en cada pulverización o si la cantidad que se va a usar no es múltiplo de 3.

Por otro lado, se trata de una posibilidad cómoda y limpia para tener CBD en aceite en casa o si lo vas a usar de manera tópica.

¿Cuántas gotas de CBD se deben tomar?

¿Qué concentración de CBD es la mejor para ti? – Cuando hablamos de la potencia o concentración del CBD, nos referimos a los miligramos de CBD que contiene un producto determinado. Por ejemplo, nuestro aceite de CBD de 500mg (10ml) contiene 2,5mg por gota, mientras que el de 1000mg contiene 5mg.

A medida que aumentan los miligramos de CBD, también lo hace la potencia. Una dosis diaria media de 3-4 gotas tres veces al día, equivale a unos 30mg de CBD (siempre basándonos en nuestro aceite de de CBD de 500mg). Para que te hagas una idea de las limitaciones, 160mg es la cantidad máxima diaria recomendada.

Esta tolerancia alta al CBD es la razón por la que recomendamos empezar con nuestro aceite de CBD de 500mg, ya que representa el término medio entre las concentraciones más fuertes y más suaves. Incluso con cuatro gotas tres veces al día, solo consumirás 30mg de CBD.

Pero no subestimes este compuesto, ya que en algunos casos podría ser suficiente. Es importante recalcar que las circunstancias de cada persona, y por lo tanto las dosis, pueden variar. Toma una dosis normal durante varios días para ver cómo te sientes, antes de aumentarla o reducirla en consecuencia.

Para ayudarte a calcular la cantidad (mg) de CBD que debes tomar, utiliza lo siguiente como guía: Como Saber Si El Aceite De Cannabi Es Bueno Como Saber Si El Aceite De Cannabi Es Bueno

¿Qué debo saber antes de tomar CBD?

Tabla de contenidos – En los últimos años, el aceite de se ha convertido en uno de los productos de salud y bienestar más populares del mercado. Esto se debe en parte al hecho de que se ha demostrado que el CBD ofrece una variedad de beneficios para la salud, desde el alivio del dolor y el estrés hasta el apoyo para lidiar con diversos trastornos médicos.

Si estás interesado en probar el CBD por primera vez, este artículo explicará cómo hacerlo de la manera más segura y eficaz. Tomar CBD por primera vez puede ser una experiencia nueva y un poco intimidante para algunas personas. Es importante entender los beneficios y los posibles efectos secundarios a ntes de comenzar a tomarlo.

La forma más segura de tomar CBD es comenzar con una dosis baja y gradualmente aumentarla hasta que se obtengan los resultados deseados. Se recomienda comenzar con una dosis de 5-10 miligramos al día, aunque esto depende de los objetivos personales de cada uno, del peso, del género, la tolerancia.

  1. Es importante tomar CBD de forma continuada durante un período prolongado de tiempo para permitir que el cuerpo se acostumbre a sus efectos.
  2. También es importante tener en cuenta que el CBD puede interactuar con otros medicamentos, como los anticoagulantes orales, algunos antidepresivos, y también está contraindicado para las personas hipotensas por lo que es importante consultar con un profesional de la salud antes de tomarlo.

Existen varias formas de tomar CBD, tales como gotas sublinguales, aerosoles orales, cápsulas, aceites,, etc. Además, se recomienda optar por productos de CBD de alta calidad que sean verificados por laboratorios terceros para garantizar su pureza y contenido.

¿Cuántas gotas de CBD debajo de la lengua?

¿Cuántas gotas de CBD se toman? Para optimizar la absorción sublingual es aconsejable utilizar el menor número de gotas posibles, ya que el espacio sublingual es limitado. Por esta razón es muy importante no excederse en el número de gotas en cada toma, utilizando como máximo 6-7 gotas.

¿Cuál es el mejor aceite de CBD para dormir?

El Aceite de Noche 25% CBD: CBG es la alternativa perfecta para dormir las 8 horas que recomienda la Organización Mundial de la Salud, estar completamente descansado al día siguiente e incluso conseguir la mejor rutina de belleza.

¿Qué efectos tiene el CBD en el cuerpo?

El CBD puede causar lesiones hepaticas. El CBD puede afectar el metabolismo de otros medicamentos, causando efectos secundarios graves. El uso del CBD con alcohol u otros depresores del sistema nervioso central aumenta el riesgo de sedación y somnolencia, lo que puede conducir a lesiones.

¿Cuántos tipos de CBD existen?

Existen varios tipos de aceite de CBD: ¿cuál me conviene? En efecto, hay tres clases de aceite de cannabidiol: aceite de cannabidiol aislado, aceite de cannabidiol broadband o de espectro amplio y aceite de cannabidiol full spectrum o de espectro completo.

¿Quién no debe usar CBD?

Advertencias y precauciones especiales: – Embarazo y lactancia : puede que no sea seguro tomar CBD si está embarazada o amamantando. Los productos de CBD pueden estar contaminados con otros ingredientes que pueden ser dañinos para el feto o el bebé. Manténgase en el lado seguro y evite su uso.

Niños : Es posible que los niños tomen un producto de CBD recetado específico (Epidiolex) por vía oral en dosis de hasta 25 mg / kg al día. Este producto está aprobado para su uso en niños con ciertas afecciones que tienen al menos 1 año de edad. No está claro si otros productos de CBD son seguros para los niños.

Enfermedad hepática : Las personas con enfermedad hepática pueden necesitar usar dosis más bajas de CBD. Enfermedad de Parkinson : Algunas investigaciones preliminares sugieren que tomar altas dosis de CBD podría empeorar el movimiento muscular y los temblores en algunas personas con enfermedad de Parkinson.

  1. Moderadas Tenga cuidado con esta combinación Brivaracetam (Briviact) El cuerpo modifica y degrada el brivaracetam.
  2. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el brivaracetam.
  3. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de brivaracetam en el cuerpo.
  4. Cafeína La cafeína es modificada y descompuesta por el cuerpo.

El CBD podría disminuir la velocidad con que el cuerpo descompone la cafeína. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de la cafeína en el cuerpo. Carbamazepina (Tegretol) La carbamazepina es modificada y degradada por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la carbamazepina.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de carbamazepina en el cuerpo y aumentar sus efectos secundarios. Citalopram (Celexa) La cafeína es modificada y descompuesta por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la velocidad con que el cuerpo descompone la cafeína. Esto podría aumentar los niveles del citalopram en el cuerpo.

Clobazam (Onfi) El clobazam es modificado y degradado por el hígado. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el hígado descompone el clobazam. Esto podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del clobazam. Eslicarbazepina (Aptiom) El cuerpo modifica y descompone la eslicarbazepina.

El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la eslicarbazepina. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de eslicarbazepina en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Estiripentol (Diacomit) El cuerpo modifica y descompone el estiripentol. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el estiripentol.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de estiripentol en el cuerpo y aumentar sus efectos secundarios. Everolimus (Zostress) Everolimus es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el everolimus. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de everolimus en el cuerpo.

Litio Tomar dosis más altas de CBD podría aumentar los niveles de litio. Esto puede aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad por litio. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (medicamentos glucuronidados) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  1. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  2. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  3. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.
  • Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado.
  • El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos. Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)) El hígado cambia y descompone algunos medicamentos. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con la que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.

Medicamentos modificados por el hígado (sustratos del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) Algunos medicamentos son modificados y degradados por el hígado. El CBD podría cambiar la rapidez con que el hígado descompone estos medicamentos. Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de estos medicamentos.

  • Medicamentos que aumentan la descomposición de otros medicamentos en el hígado (inductores del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD.
  • Algunos medicamentos aumentan la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.
  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD.

Medicamentos que aumentan la descomposición de otros medicamentos por el hígado (inductores del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos aumentan la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD. Medicamentos que disminuyen la degradación de otros medicamentos en el hígado (inhibidores del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos disminuyen la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD. Medicamentos que disminuyen la degradación de otros medicamentos por el hígado (inhibidores del citocromo P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)) El hígado modifica y descompone el CBD. Algunos medicamentos disminuyen la rapidez con que el hígado cambia y descompone el CBD.

  • Esto podría cambiar los efectos y los efectos secundarios del CBD.
  • Medicamentos sedantes (depresores del SNC) El CBD puede causar somnolencia y respiración lenta.
  • Algunos medicamentos, llamados sedantes, también pueden causar somnolencia y respiración lenta.
  • Tomar CBD con medicamentos sedantes puede causar problemas respiratorios y / o demasiada somnolencia.

Metadona (Dolophine) La metadona es degradada por el hígado. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el hígado descompone la metadona. La ingesta de cannabidiol junto con metadona podría aumentar los efectos y los efectos secundarios de la metadona.

Rufinamida (Banzel) El cuerpo modifica y degrada la rufinamida. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la rufinamida. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de rufinamida en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Sirolimus (Rapamune) El cuerpo modifica y degrada el sirolimus. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el sirolimus.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de sirolimus en el cuerpo. Tacrolimus (Prograf) El tacrolimus es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el tacrolimus. Esto podría aumentar los niveles de tacrolimus en el cuerpo.

  1. Tamoxifeno (Soltamox) El cuerpo modifica y descompone el tamoxifeno.
  2. El CBD podría afectar la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el tamoxifeno.
  3. Esto podría afectar los niveles de tamoxifeno en el cuerpo.
  4. Topiramato (Topamax) El topiramato es modificado y degradado por el cuerpo.
  5. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone el topiramato.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de topiramato en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Valproato El ácido valproico puede causar daño hepático. La ingesta de cannabidiol con ácido valproico podría aumentar la posibilidad de lesión hepática. Es posible que sea necesario suspender el CBD y / o el ácido valproico, o es posible que sea necesario reducir la dosis.

  1. Warfarina El CBD podría aumentar los niveles de warfarina, lo que puede aumentar el riesgo de hemorragia.
  2. Es posible que sea necesario suspender el CBD y / o la warfarina, o es posible que sea necesario reducir la dosis.
  3. Zonisamida El cuerpo modifica y degrada la zonisamida.
  4. El CBD podría disminuir la rapidez con que el cuerpo descompone la zonisamida.

Esto podría aumentar los niveles de zonisamida en el cuerpo en una pequeña cantidad. Hierbas y suplementos con propiedades sedantes El CBD puede causar somnolencia y respiración lenta. Tomarlo junto con otros suplementos con efectos similares puede causar demasiada somnolencia y / o respiración lenta en algunas personas.

  1. Ejemplos de suplementos con este efecto incluyen lúpulo, kava, L-triptófano, melatonina y valeriana.
  2. No se conoce ninguna interacción con alimentos.
  3. El CBD ha sido utilizado con mayor frecuencia por adultos en dosis de 200 mg o menos por día.
  4. Hable con un proveedor de atención médica para averiguar qué dosis podría ser la mejor para una afección específica.

Para obtener información sobre el uso de CBD recetado, un producto llamado Epidiolex, hable con un proveedor de atención médica.2-5-pentilbenceno-1,3-diol, CBD. Para saber más sobre cómo este artículo fue escrito, refiérase a la metodología de la Base exhaustiva de datos de medicamentos naturales,

  1. Miller OS, Elder EJ Jr, Jones KJ, Gidal BE. Analysis of cannabidiol (CBD) and THC in nonprescription consumer products: Implications for patients and practitioners. Epilepsy Behav 2022;127:108514. View abstract,
  2. Bloomfield MAP, Yamamori Y, Hindocha C, et al. The acute effects of cannabidiol on emotional processing and anxiety: a neurocognitive imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022. View abstract,
  3. Mongeau-Pérusse V, Rizkallah E, Morissette F, et al. Cannabidiol Effect on Anxiety Symptoms and Stress Response in Individuals With Cocaine Use Disorder: Exploratory Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Addict Med 2022. View abstract,
  4. Dieterle M, Zurbriggen L, Mauermann E, et al. Pain response to cannabidiol in opioid-induced hyperalgesia, acute nociceptive pain, and allodynia using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB II). Pain 2022. View abstract,
  5. Haffar A, Khan IA, Abdelaal MS, Banerjee S, Sharkey PF, Lonner JH. Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) After Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain or Opioid Use: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Arthroplasty 2022. View abstract,
  6. Bergeria CL, Spindle TR, Cone EJ, et al. Pharmacokinetic Profile of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products. J Anal Toxicol 2022. View abstract,
  7. Sahinovic A, Irwin C, Doohan PT, et al. Effects of Cannabidiol on Exercise Physiology and Bioenergetics: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial. Sports Med Open 2022;8:27. View abstract,
  8. Carvalho RK, Rocha TL, Fernandes FH, et al. Decreasing sperm quality in mice subjected to chronic cannabidiol exposure: New insights of cannabidiol-mediated male reproductive toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2022;351:109743. View abstract,
  9. Harris HM, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Sufka KJ. Differential Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog on Oxycodone Place Preference and Analgesia in Mice: an Opioid Abuse Deterrent with Analgesic Properties. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  10. Sepulveda DE, Morris DP, Raup-Konsavage WM, Sun D, Vrana KE, Graziane NM. Evaluating the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Cannabidiol Alone or in Combination with Morphine Using the Formalin Test in Male and Female Mice. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  11. Kaufmann R, Aqua K, Lombardo J, Lee M. Observed Impact of Long-term Consumption of Oral Cannabidiol on Liver Function in Healthy Adults. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  12. Jones É, Vlachou S. Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:1165. View abstract,
  13. Bolsoni LM, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC, Guimarães FS, Zuardi AW. Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms induced by the recall of traumatic events in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022. View abstract,
  14. Nguyen LC, Yang D, Nicolaescu V, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication through induction of the host ER stress and innate immune responses. Sci Adv 2022. View abstract,
  15. Köck P, Lang E, Trulley VN, et al. Cannabidiol Cigarettes as Adjunctive Treatment for Psychotic Disorders – A Randomized, Open-Label Pilot-Study. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:736822. View abstract,
  16. Crippa JAS, Pacheco JC, Zuardi AW, et al. Cannabidiol for COVID-19 Patients with Mild to Moderate Symptoms (CANDIDATE Study): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021. View abstract,
  17. Klotz KA, Grob D, Schönberger J, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study. CNS Drugs 2021;35:1207-1215. View abstract,
  18. Baranowska-Kuczko M, Kozlowska H, Kloza M, et al. Vasoprotective Endothelial Effects of Chronic Cannabidiol Treatment and Its Influence on the Endocannabinoid System in Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:1120. View abstract,
  19. Carmona-Hidalgo B, García-Martín A, Muñoz E, González-Mariscal I. Detrimental Effect of Cannabidiol on the Early Onset of Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:863. View abstract,
  20. Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Filloux F, et al. Long-term cannabidiol treatment for seizures in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: An open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021. View abstract,
  21. Hotz J, Fehlmann B, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ, Schicktanz NS. Cannabidiol enhances verbal episodic memory in healthy young participants: A randomized clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2021;143:327-333. View abstract,
  22. Nasrin S, Watson CJW, Perez-Paramo YX, Lazarus P. Cannabinoid Metabolites as Inhibitors of Major Hepatic CYP450 Enzymes, with Implications for Cannabis-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2021;49:1070-1080. View abstract,
  23. Davis BH, Beasley TM, Amaral M, et al. Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Cannabidiol Response and Tolerability in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021;110:1368-1380. View abstract,
  24. Partridge Snow & Hahn LLP. FDA Refuses to Approve CBVD As a Food Ingredient or Supplement. August 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/fda-refuses-to-approve-cbd-as-a-food-1880558. Accessed October 26, 2021.
  25. Masterson D. CBD from orange peels: A different CBD story. August 3, 2021. Available at: https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2021/08/03/CBD-from-orange-peels-A-different-CBD-story?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=03-Aug-2021&cid=DM973784&bid=1668435211. Accessed October 26, 2021.
  26. Yu JS, Premkumar A, Liu S, Sculco P. Rates of self-directed perioperative cannabidiol use in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Pain Manag 2021;11:655-660. View abstract,
  27. Vela J, Dreyer L, Petersen KK, Lars AN, Duch KS, Kristensen S. Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2021. View abstract,
  28. Isenmann E, Veit S, Starke L, Flenker U, Diel P. Effects of Cannabidiol Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Intensive Resistance Training. Nutrients 2021;13:3028. View abstract,
  29. Scheffer IE, Halford JJ, Miller I, et al. Add-on cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021;62:2505-2517. View abstract,
  30. Madan Cohen J, Checketts D, Dunayevich E, et al. Time to onset of cannabidiol treatment effects in Dravet syndrome: Analysis from two randomized controlled trials. Epilepsia 2021;62:2218-2227. View abstract,
  31. Patel AD, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, Chin RF, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of add-on cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Results of a long-term open-label extension trial. Epilepsia 2021;62:2228-2239. View abstract,
  32. Scheffer IE, Hulihan J, Messenheimer J, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Transdermal Cannabidiol Gel in Children With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2123930. View abstract,
  33. Devinsky O, Kraft K, Rusch L, Fein M, Leone-Bay A. Improved Bioavailability with Dry Powder Cannabidiol Inhalation: A Phase 1 Clinical Study. J Pharm Sci 2021. View abstract,
  34. Czégény Z, Nagy G, Babinszki B, et al. CBD, a precursor of THC in e-cigarettes. Sci Rep 2021;11:8951. View abstract,
  35. Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW, Guimarães FS, et al. Burnout and Distress Prevention With Cannabidiol in Front-line Health Care Workers Dealing With COVID-19 (BONSAI) Trial Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Plus Standard Care vs Standard Care Alone for the Treatment of Emotional Exhaustion and Burnout Among Frontline Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open.2021 Aug 2;4:e2120603. View abstract,
  36. Arout CA, Haney M, Herrmann ES, Bedi G, Cooper ZD. The dose-dependent analgesic effects, abuse liability, safety and tolerability of oral cannabidiol in healthy humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2021. View abstract,
  37. Velayudhan L, McGoohan K, Bhattacharyya S. Safety and tolerability of natural and synthetic cannabinoids in adults aged over 50 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med.2021;18:e1003524. View abstract,
  38. van Orten-Luiten AB, de Roos NM, Majait S, Witteman BJM, Witkamp RF. Effects of Cannabidiol Chewing Gum on Perceived Pain and Well-Being of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Exploratory Intervention Study with Symptom-Driven Dosing. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.2021. View abstract,
  39. Thai C, Tayo B, Critchley D. A Phase 1 Open-Label, Fixed-Sequence Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Trial to Investigate the Effect of Cannabidiol on the CYP1A2 Probe Caffeine in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev.2021. View abstract,
  40. Spinella TC, Stewart SH, Naugler J, Yakovenko I, Barrett SP. Evaluating cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy effects on acute stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2021. View abstract,
  41. Schneider T, Zurbriggen L, Dieterle M, et al. Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I). Pain.2021. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002310. View abstract,
  42. Maghfour J, Rundle CW, Rietcheck HR, et al. Assessing the effects of topical cannabidiol in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Online J.2021;27:13030/qt8h50k2vs. View abstract,
  43. Leweke FM, Rohleder C, Gerth CW, Hellmich M, Pukrop R, Koethe D. Cannabidiol and Amisulpride Improve Cognition in Acute Schizophrenia in an Explorative, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Pharmacol.2021;12:614811. View abstract,
  44. Karoly HC, Mueller RL, Andrade CC, Hutchison KE. THC and CBD effects on alcohol use among alcohol and cannabis co-users. Psychol Addict Behav.2021. View abstract,
  45. Gaston TE, Ampah SB, Martina Bebin E, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of highly purified cannabidiol for treatment refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.2021;117:107862. View abstract,
  46. de Almeida CMO, Brito MMC, Bosaipo NB, et al. Cannabidiol for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord.2021. View abstract,
  47. Berger BA, Stolz U, Colvin J, Otten EJ. Epidemiology of cannabidiol related cases reported in the National Poison Data System – 2019-2020. Am J Emerg Med.2021;48:218-223. View abstract,
  48. Bebee B, Taylor DM, Bourke E, et al. The CANBACK trial: a randomised, controlled clinical trial of oral cannabidiol for people presenting to the emergency department with acute low back pain. Med J Aust.2021;214:370-375. View abstract,
  49. Anderson LL, Doohan PT, Oldfield L, et al. Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People. J Clin Psychopharmacol.2021. View abstract,
  50. Watkins PB, Church RJ, Li J, Knappertz V. Cannabidiol and Abnormal Liver Chemistries in Healthy Adults: Results of a Phase I Clinical Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther.2020. View abstract,
  51. Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Bhathal H, et al. Add-On Cannabidiol Treatment for Drug-Resistant Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol.2020. View abstract,
  52. Santos de Alencar S, Crippa JAS, Brito MCM, Pimentel ÂV, Cecilio Hallak JE, Tumas V. A single oral dose of cannabidiol did not reduce upper limb tremor in patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord.2021;83:37-40. View abstract,
  53. Parihar V, Rogers A, Blain AM, Zacharias SRK, Patterson LL, Siyam MA. Reduction in Tamoxifen Metabolites Endoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen With Chronic Administration of Low Dose Cannabidiol: A CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 Drug Interaction. J Pharm Pract.2020:897190020972208. View abstract,
  54. Oruganti P, Betcher S, Wakade Z, Ding X, Abegunde AT. Cannabidiol Oil-Associated Microscopic Colitis. Cureus.2020;12:e10528. View abstract,
  55. Leehey MA, Liu Y, Hart F, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.2020;5:326-336. View abstract,
  56. Hosseini A, McLachlan AJ, Lickliter JD. A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single-dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2020. View abstract,
  57. Freeman TP, Hindocha C, Baio G, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial. Lancet Psychiatry.2020; 7:865-874. View abstract,
  58. Cochrane-Snyman KC, Cruz C, Morales J, Coles M. The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2021. View abstract,
  59. Capano A, Weaver R, Burkman E. Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: a prospective cohort study. Postgrad Med.2020;132:56-61. View abstract,
  60. Woelfl T, Rohleder C, Mueller JK, et al. Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Front Psychiatry.2020;11:576877. View abstract,
  61. Cole TB, Saitz R. Cannabis and Impaired Driving. JAMA.2020;324:2163-2164. View abstract,
  62. Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, Kevin RC, Theunissen EL, McGregor IS, Ramaekers JG. Effect of Cannabidiol and ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA.2020;324:2177-2186. View abstract,
  63. Singh RK, Dillon B, Tatum DA, Van Poppel KC, Bonthius DJ. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Lithium. Child Neurol Open.2020;7:2329048X20947896. View abstract,
  64. Izgelov D, Davidson E, Barasch D, Regev A, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. Pharmacokinetic investigation of synthetic cannabidiol oral formulations in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm.2020;154:108-115. View abstract,
  65. Gurley BJ, Murphy TP, Gul W, Walker LA, ElSohly M. Content versus Label Claims in Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Products Obtained from Commercial Outlets in the State of Mississippi. J Diet Suppl.2020;17:599-607. View abstract,
  66. McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.Am J Psychiatry.2018;175:225-231. View abstract,
  67. Cortopassi J. Warfarin dose adjustment required after cannabidiol initiation and titration. Am J Health Syst Pharm.2020;77:1846-1851. View abstract,
  68. Bloomfield MAP, Green SF, Hindocha C, et al. The effects of acute cannabidiol on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to memory: An arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychopharmacol.2020;34:981-989. View abstract,
  69. Lopez HL, Cesareo KR, Raub B, et al. Effects of hemp extract on markers of wellness, stress resilience, recovery and clinical biomarkers of safety in overweight, but otherwise healthy subjects. J Diet Suppl.2020;17:561-86. View abstracts,
  70. Wang GS, Bourne DWA, Klawitter J, et al. Disposition of Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extracts in Children with Epilepsy. Clin Pharmacokinet.2020. View abstract,
  71. Taylor L, Crockett J, Tayo B, Checketts D, Sommerville K. Abrupt withdrawal of cannabidiol (CBD): A randomized trial. Epilepsy Behav.2020;104(Pt A):106938. View abstract,
  72. McNamara NA, Dang LT, Sturza J, et al. Thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients on concurrent cannabidiol and valproic acid. Epilepsia.2020. View abstract,
  73. Rianprakaisang T, Gerona R, Hendrickson RG. Commercial cannabidiol oil contaminated with the synthetic cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA given to a pediatric patient. Clin Toxicol (Phila).2020;58:215-216. View abstract,
  74. Morrison G, Crockett J, Blakey G, Sommerville K. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev.2019;8:1009-1031. View abstract,
  75. Miller I, Scheffer IE, Gunning B, et al. Dose-Ranging Effect of Adjunctive Oral Cannabidiol vs Placebo on Convulsive Seizure Frequency in Dravet Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol.2020;77:613-621. View abstract,
  76. Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Striano P, et al. Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia.2020;61:1090-1098. View abstract,
  77. Hobbs JM, Vazquez AR, Remijan ND, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and acute anti-inflammatory potential of two oral cannabidiol preparations in healthy adults. Phytother Res.2020;34:1696-1703. View abstract,
  78. Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Agricola KD, Tudor C, Krueger D, Franz DN. Cannabidiol Elevates Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Levels in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Pediatr Neurol.2020;105:59-61. View abstract,
  79. de Carvalho Reis R, Almeida KJ, da Silva Lopes L, de Melo Mendes CM, Bor-Seng-Shu E. Efficacy and adverse event profile of cannabidiol and medicinal cannabis for treatment-resistant epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav.2020;102:106635. View abstract,
  80. Darweesh RS, Khamis TN, El-Elimat T. The effect of cannabidiol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.2020. View abstract,
  81. Crockett J, Critchley D, Tayo B, Berwaerts J, Morrison G. A phase 1, randomized, pharmacokinetic trial of the effect of different meal compositions, whole milk, and alcohol on cannabidiol exposure and safety in healthy subjects. Epilepsia.2020;61:267-277. View abstract,
  82. Chesney E, Oliver D, Green A, et al. Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology.2020. View abstract,
  83. Ben-Menachem E, Gunning B, Arenas Cabrera CM, et al. A Phase II Randomized Trial to Explore the Potential for Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions with Stiripentol or Valproate when Combined with Cannabidiol in Patients with Epilepsy. CNS Drugs.2020;34:661-672. View abstract,
  84. Bass J, Linz DR. A Case of Toxicity from Cannabidiol Gummy Ingestion. Cureus.2020;12:e7688. View abstract,
  85. Hampson AJ, Grimaldi M, Axelrod J, Wink D. Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998;95:8268-73. View abstract,
  86. Hacke ACM, Lima D, de Costa F, et al. Probing the antioxidant activity of -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in Cannabis sativa extracts. Analyst.2019;144:4952-4961. View abstract,
  87. Madden K, Tanco K, Bruera E. Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interaction Between Methadone and Cannabidiol. Pediatrics.2020;e20193256. View abstract,
  88. Hazekamp A. The trouble with CBD oil. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids.2018 Jun;1:65-72.
  89. Xu DH, Cullen BD, Tang M, Fang Y. The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2019 Dec 1. View abstract,
  90. de Faria SM, de Morais Fabrício D, Tumas V, et al. Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol.2020 Jan 7:269881119895536. View abstract,
  91. Nitecka-Buchta A, Nowak-Wachol A, Wachol K, et al. Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. J Clin Med.2019 Nov 6;8. pii: E1886. View abstract,
  92. Masataka N. Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders. Front Psychol.2019 Nov 8;10:2466. View abstract,
  93. Appiah-Kusi E, Petros N, Wilson R, et al. Effects of short-term cannabidiol treatment on response to social stress in subjects at clinical high risk of developing psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2020 Jan 8. View abstract,
  94. Hussain SA, Dlugos DJ, Cilio MR, Parikh N, Oh A, Sankar R. Synthetic pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol for treatment of refractory infantile spasms: A multicenter phase-2 study. Epilepsy Behav.2020 Jan;102:106826. View abstract,
  95. Klotz KA, Grob D, Hirsch M, Metternich B, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Efficacy and Tolerance of Synthetic Cannabidiol for Treatment of Drug Resistant Epilepsy. Front Neurol.2019 Dec 10;10:1313. View abstract,
  96. “GW Pharmaceuticals plc and Its U.S. Subsidiary Greenwich Biosciences, Inc. Announce That EPIDIOLEX® (cannabidiol) Oral Solution Has Been Descheduled And Is No Longer A Controlled Substance.” GW Pharmaceuticals, 6 April 2020. http://ir.gwpharm.com/node/11356/pdf. Press release.
  97. Wiemer-Kruel A, Stiller B, Bast T. Cannabidiol Interacts Significantly with Everolimus-Report of a Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Neuropediatrics.2019. View abstract,
  98. FDA Consumer Updates: What You Should Know About Using Cannabis, Including CBD, When Pregnant or Breastfeeding.U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-should-know-about-using-cannabis-including-cbd-when-pregnant-or-breastfeeding.
  99. Taylor L, Crockett J, Tayo B, Morrison G. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Single-Dose Trial of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Subjects With Mild to Severe Hepatic Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol.2019;59:1110-1119. View abstract,
  100. Szaflarski JP, Hernando K, Bebin EM, et al. Higher cannabidiol plasma levels are associated with better seizure response following treatment with a pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol. Epilepsy Behav.2019;95:131-136. View abstract,
  101. Pretzsch CM, Voinescu B, Mendez MA, et al. The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on low-frequency activity and functional connectivity in the brain of adults with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Psychopharmacol.2019:269881119858306. View abstract,
  102. Pretzsch CM, Freyberg J, Voinescu B, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on brain excitation and inhibition systems; a randomised placebo-controlled single dose trial during magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology.2019;44:1398-1405. View abstract,
  103. Patrician A, Versic-Bratincevic M, Mijacika T, et al. Examination of a New Delivery Approach for Oral Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetics Study. Adv Ther.2019. View abstract,
  104. Martin RC, Gaston TE, Thompson M, et al. Cognitive functioning following long-term cannabidiol use in adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.2019;97:105-110. View abstract,
  105. Leino AD, Emoto C, Fukuda T, Privitera M, Vinks AA, Alloway RR. Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus. Am J Transplant.2019;19:2944-2948. View abstract,
  106. Laux LC, Bebin EM, Checketts D, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results. Epilepsy Res.2019;154:13-20. View abstract,
  107. Knaub K, Sartorius T, Dharsono T, Wacker R, Wilhelm M, Schön C. A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Molecules.2019;24. pii: E2967. View abstract,
  108. Klotz KA, Hirsch M, Heers M, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Effects of cannabidiol on brivaracetam plasma levels. Epilepsia.2019;60:e74-e77. View abstract,
  109. Heussler H, Cohen J, Silove N, et al. A phase 1/2, open-label assessment of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of transdermal cannabidiol (ZYN002) for the treatment of pediatric fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord.2019;11:16. View abstract,
  110. Couch DG, Cook H, Ortori C, Barrett D, Lund JN, O’Sullivan SE. Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis.2019;25:1006-1018. View abstract,
  111. Birnbaum AK, Karanam A, Marino SE, et al. Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia.2019 Aug;60:1586-1592. View abstract,
  112. Arkell TR, Lintzeris N, Kevin RC, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognition. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2019;236:2713-2724. View abstract,
  113. Anderson LL, Absalom NL, Abelev SV, et al. Coadministered cannabidiol and clobazam: Preclinical evidence for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Epilepsia.2019. View abstract,
  114. Product information for Marinol. AbbVie. North Chicago, IL 60064. August 2017. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/018651s029lbl.pdf.
  115. Epidiolex (cannabidiol) prescribing information. Greenwich Biosciences, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 2019. Available at: https://www.epidiolex.com/sites/default/files/EPIDIOLEX_Full_Prescribing_Information.pdf (accessed 5/9/2019)
  116. Statement from FDA Commissioner Scot Gottlieb, M.D., on signing of the Agriculture Improvement Act and the agency’s regulation of products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds.U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-signing-agriculture-improvement-act-and-agencys. (Accessed May 7, 2019).
  117. Agriculture Improvement Act, S.10113, 115th Cong. or S.12619, 115th Cong.,
  118. Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement in Schedule V of Certain FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Cannabidiol; Corresponding Change to Permit Requirements. Final order. Fed Regist.2018 Sep 28;83:48950-3. View abstract,
  119. Schoedel KA, Szeto I, Setnik B, et al. Abuse potential assessment of cannabidiol (CBD) in recreational polydrug users: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Nov;88:162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.07.027. Epub 2018 Oct 2. View abstract,
  120. Devinsky O, Verducci C, Thiele EA, et al. Open-label use of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex®) in patients with CDKL5 deficiency disorder and Aicardi, Dup15q, and Doose syndromes. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Sep;86:131-137. Epub 2018 Jul 11. View abstract,
  121. Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Cutter G, DeWolfe J, et al. Cannabidiol improves frequency and severity of seizures and reduces adverse events in an open-label add-on prospective study. Epilepsy Behav.2018 Oct;87:131-136. Epub 2018 Aug 9. View abstract,
  122. Linares IM, Zuardi AW, Pereira LC, et al. Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. Braz J Psychiatry.2019 Jan-Feb;41:9-14. Epub 2018 Oct 11. View abstract,
  123. Poklis JL, Mulder HA, Peace MR. The unexpected identification of the cannabimimetic, 5F-ADB, and dextromethorphan in commercially available cannabidiol e-liquids. Forensic Sci Int.2019 Jan;294:e25-e27. Epub 2018 Nov 1. View abstract,
  124. Hurd YL, Spriggs S, Alishayev J, et al. Cannabidiol for the Reduction of Cue-Induced Craving and Anxiety in Drug-Abstinent Individuals With Heroin Use Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry.2019:appiajp201918101191. View abstract,
  125. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet.2018 Mar 17;391:1085-1096. View abstract,
  126. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med.2018 May 17;378:1888-1897. View abstract,
  127. Pavlovic R, Nenna G, Calvi L, et al. Quality Traits of “Cannabidiol Oils”: Cannabinoids Content, Terpene Fingerprint and Oxidation Stability of European Commercially Available Preparations. Molecules.2018 May 20;23. pii: E1230. View abstract,
  128. Naftali T, Mechulam R, Marii A, et al. Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment of Crohn’s Disease, a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci.2017 Jun;62:1615-20. View abstract,
  129. Kaplan EH, Offermann EA, Sievers JW, Comi AM. Cannabidiol treatment for refractory seizures in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol.2017 Jun;71:18-23.e2. View abstract,
  130. Yeshurun M, Shpilberg O, Herscovici C, et al. Cannabidiol for the prevention of graft-versus-host-disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: results of a phase II study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2015 Oct;21:1770-5. View abstract,
  131. Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Bruno PL, Thiele EA. Drug-drug interaction between clobazam and cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia.2015 Aug;56:1246-51. View abstract,
  132. Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, et la. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol.2016 Mar;15:270-8. View abstract,
  133. 97021 Jadoon KA, Ratcliffe SH, Barrett DA, et al. Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabivarin on glycemic and lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group pilot study. Diabetes Care.2016 Oct;39:1777-86. View abstract,
  134. Gofshteyn JS, Wilfong A, Devinsky O, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) in the acute and chronic phases. J Child Neurol.2017 Jan;32:35-40. View abstract,
  135. Hess EJ, Moody KA, Geffrey AL, et al. Cannabidiol as a new treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia.2016 Oct;57:1617-24. View abstract,
  136. Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Liu Y, Szaflarski JP; UAB CBD Program. Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia.2017 Sep;58:1586-92. View abstract,
  137. Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. N Engl J Med.2017 May 25;376:2011-2020. View abstract,
  138. Bonn-Miller MO, Loflin MJE, Thomas BF, Marcu JP, Hyke T, Vandrey R. Labeling accuracy of cannabidiol extracts sold online. JAMA 2017 Nov;318:1708-9. View abstract,
  139. Malfait AM, Gallily R, Sumariwalla PF, et al. The non-psychoactive cannabis-constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:9561-6. View abstract,
  140. Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation 1988;12:361-71. View abstract,
  141. Valvassori SS, Elias G, de Souza B, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:274-80. View abstract,
  142. Esposito G, Scuderi C, Savani C, et al. Cannabidiol in vivo blunts beta-amyloid induced neuroinflammation by suppressing IL-1beta and iNOS expression. Br J Pharmacol 2007;151:1272-9. View abstract,
  143. Esposito G, De Filippis D, Maiuri MC, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in beta-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement. Neurosci Lett 2006;399(1-2):91-5. View abstract,
  144. Iuvone T, Esposito G, De Filippis D, et al. Cannabidiol: a promising new drug for neurodegenerative disorders? CNS Neurosci Ther 2009;15:65-75. View abstract,
  145. Bisogno T, Di Marzo Y. The role of the endocannabinoid system in Alzheimer’s disease: facts and hypotheses. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:2299-3305. View abstract,
  146. Zuardi AW. Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008;30:271-80. View abstract,
  147. Izzo AA, Borelli F, Capasso R, et al. Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30:515-27. View abstract,
  148. Booz GW. Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011;51:1054-61. View abstract,
  149. Pickens JT. Sedative activity of cannabis in relation to its delta’-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content. Br J Pharmacol 1981;72:649-56. View abstract,
  150. Monti JM. Hypnoticlike effects of cannabidiol in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977;55:263-5. View abstract,
  151. Karler R, Turkanis SA. Subacute cannabinoid treatment: anticonvulsant activity and withdrawal excitability in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1980;68:479-84. View abstract,
  152. Karler R, Cely W, Turkanis SA. The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol. Life Sci 1973;13:1527-31. View abstract,
  153. Consroe PF, Wokin AL. Anticonvulsant interaction of cannabidiol and ethosuximide in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1977;29:500-1. View abstract,
  154. Consroe P, Wolkin A. Cannabidiol-antiepilpetic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977;201:26-32. View abstract,
  155. Carlini EA, Leite JR, Tannhauser M, Berardi AC. Letter: Cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extract protect mice and rats against convulsive agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 1973;25:664-5. View abstract,
  156. Cryan JF, Markou A, Lucki I. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002;23:238-45. View abstract,
  157. El-Alfy AT, Ivey K, Robinson K, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010;95:434-42. View abstract,
  158. Resstel LB, Tavares RF, Lisboa SF, et al.5-HT1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioral and cardiovascular responses to acute stress in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009;156:181-8. View abstract,
  159. Granjeiro EM, Gomes FV, Guimaraes FS, et al. Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011;99:743-8. View abstract,
  160. Murillo-Rodriguez E, Millan-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, et al. Cannabidiol, a constituent of Cannabis sativa, modulates sleep in rats. FEBS Lett 2006;580:4337-45. View abstract,
  161. De Filippis D, Esposito G, Cirillo C, et al. Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis. PLoS One 2011;6:e28159. View abstract,
  162. Dalton WS, Martz R, Lemberger L, et al. Influence of cannabidiol on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;19:300-9. View abstract,
  163. Guimaraes VM, Zuardi AW, Del Bel EA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol increases Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Life Sci 2004;75:633-8. View abstract,
  164. Moreira FA, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychomimetic drugs in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;512(2-3):199-205. View abstract,
  165. Long LE, Chesworth R, Huang XF, et al. A behavioral comparison of acute and chronic Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in C57BL/6JArc mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:861-76. View abstract,
  166. Zuardi AW, Rodriguez JA, Cunha JM. Effects of cannabidiol in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104:260-4. View abstract,
  167. Malone DT, Jongejan D, Taylor DA. Cannabidiol reverses the reduction in social interaction produced by low dose Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009;93:91-6. View abstract,
  168. Schubart CD, Sommer IE, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;24:51-64. View abstract,
  169. Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, et al. Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012;367:3364-78. View abstract,
  170. Fusar-Poli P, Allen P, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:421-32. View abstract,
  171. Casarotto PC, Gomes FV, Resstel LB, Guimaraes FS. Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behavior: involvement of CB1 receptors. Behav Pharmacol 2010;21:353-8. View abstract,
  172. Uribe-Marino A, Francisco A, Castiblanco-Urbina MA, et al. Anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on innate fear-induced behaviors evoked by an ethological model of panic attacks based on a prey vs the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus confrontation paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37:412-21. View abstract,
  173. Campos AC, Guimaraes FS. Activation of 5HT1A receptors mediates the anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in a PTSD model. Behav Pharmacol 2009;20:S54.
  174. Resstel LB, Joca SR, Moreira FA, et al. Effects of cannabidiol and diazepam on behavioral and cardiovascular responses induced by contextual conditioned fear in rats. Behav Brain Res 2006;172:294-8. View abstract,
  175. Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, Guimaraes FS. Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:1466-71. View abstract,
  176. Onaivi ES, Green MR, Martin BR. Pharmacological characterization of cannabinoids in the elevated plus maze. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;253:1002-9. View abstract,
  177. Guimaraes FS, Chairetti TM, Graeff FG, Zuardi AW. Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;100:558-9. View abstract,
  178. Magen I, Avraham Y, Ackerman Z, et al. Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in mice with bile duct ligation. J Hepatol 2009;51:528-34. View abstract,
  179. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:2115-25. View abstract,
  180. El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Khalifa Y, et al. Neuroprotective and blood-retinal barrier-preserving effects of cannabidiol in experimental diabetes. Am J Pathol 2006;168:235-44. View abstract,
  181. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates high glucose-induces endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H610-H619. View abstract,
  182. Toth CC, Jedrzejewski NM, Ellis CL, Frey WH. Cannabinoid-mediated modulation of neuropathic pain and microglial accumulation in a model of murine type 1 diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2010;6:16. View abstract,
  183. Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, et al. Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012;90:925-34. View abstract,
  184. Lee CY, Wey SP, Liao MH, et al. A comparative study on cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes and EL-4 thymoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2008;8:732-40. View abstract,
  185. Massi P, Valenti M, Vaccani A, et al.5-Lipoxygenase and anandamide hydrolase (FAAH) mediate the antitumor activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid. J Neurochem 2008;104:1091-100. View abstract,
  186. Valenti M, Massi P, Bolognini D, et al. Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound inhibits human glioma cell migration and invasiveness.34th National Congress of the Italian Society of Pharmacology 2009.
  187. Torres S, Lorente M, Rodriguez-Fornes F, et al. A combined preclinical therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide against glioma. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:90-103. View abstract,
  188. Jacobsson SO, Rongard E, Stridh M, et al. Serum-dependent effects of tamoxifen and cannabinoids upon C6 glioma cell viability. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;60:1807-13. View abstract,
  189. Shrivastava A, Kuzontkoski PM, Groopman JE, Prasad A. Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:1161-72. View abstract,
  190. McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, et al. Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;129:37-47. View abstract,
  191. McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, et al. Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6:2921-7. View abstract,
  192. Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Starowicz K, et al. Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:1375-87. View abstract,
  193. Massi P, Solinas M, Cinquina V, Parolaro D. Cannabidiol as a potential anticancer drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;75:303-12. View abstract,
  194. Schubart CD, Sommer IE, van Gastel WA, et al. Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences. Schizophr Res 2011;130(1-3):216-21. View abstract,
  195. Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27:19-27. View abstract,
  196. Devinsky O, Cilio MR, Cross H, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia 2014;55:791-802. View abstract,
  197. Serpell MG, Notcutt W, Collin C. Sativex long-term use: an open-label trial in patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2013;260:285-95. View abstract,
  198. Notcutt W, Langford R, Davies P, et al. A placebo-controlled, parallel group, randomized withdrawal study of subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis who are receiving long-term Sativex (nabiximols). Mult Scler 2012;18:219-28. View abstract,
  199. Brady CM, DasGupta R, Dalton C, et al. An open-label study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfuntion in advanced multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004;10:425-33. View abstract,
  200. Kavia RB, De Ridder D, Constantinescu CS, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Sativex to treat detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010;16:1349-59. View abstract,
  201. Wade DT, Makela PM, House H, et al. Long-term use of a cannabis-based treatment in spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12:639-45. View abstract,
  202. Novotna A, Mares J, Ratcliffe S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity cause by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:1122-31. View abstract,
  203. Overview. GW Pharmaceuticals Web site. Available at: http://www.gwpharm.com/about-us-overview.aspx. Accessed: May 31, 2015.
  204. Cannabidiol Now Showing Up In Dietary Supplements. Natural Medicines Web site. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/news/news-items/2015/march/cannabidiol-now-showing-up-in-dietary-supplements.aspx, (Accessed May 31, 2015).
  205. Zuardi AW, Cosme RA, Graeff FG, Guimaraes FS. Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety. J Psychopharmacol 1993;7(1 Suppl):82-8. View abstract,
  206. Leighty EG, Fentiman AF Jr, Foltz RL. Long-retained metabolites of delta9- and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols identified as novel fatty acid conjugates. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976;14:13-28. View abstract,
  207. Samara E, Bialer M, Mechoulam R. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 1988;16:469-72. View abstract,
  208. Consroe P, Sandyk R, Snider SR. Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. Int J Neurosci 1986;30:277-82. View abstract,
  209. Crippa JA, Derenusson GN, Ferrari TB, et al. Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:121-30. View abstract,
  210. Bornheim LM, Everhart ET, Li J, Correia MA. Characterization of cannabidiol-mediated cytochrome P450 inactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;45:1323-31. View abstract,
  211. Harvey DJ. Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of the cannabinoids. Marijuana and Medicine.1999;91-103.
  212. Yamaori S, Ebisawa J, Okushima Y, et al. Potent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by cannabidiol: role of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the resorcinol moiety. Life Sci 2011;88(15-16):730-6. View abstract,
  213. Yamaori S, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Cannabidiol, a major phytocannabinoid, as a potent atypical inhibitor for CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos 2011;39:2049-56. View abstract,
  214. Yamaori S, Maeda C, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Differential inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2B6 by major phytocannabinoids. Forensic Toxicol 2011;29:117-24.
  215. Yamaori S, Kushihara M, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Characterization of major phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol and cannabinol, as isoform-selective potent inhibitors of human CYP1 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;79:1691-8. View abstract,
  216. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:979-83. View abstract,
  217. Morgan CJ, Das RK, Joye A, et al. Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: preliminary findings. Addict Behav 2013;38:2433-6. View abstract,
  218. Pertwee RG. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delat9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 2008;153:199-215. View abstract,
  219. Leweke FM, Kranaster L, Pahlisch F, et al. The efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of schizophrenia – a translational approach. Schizophr Bull 2011;37(Suppl 1):313.
  220. Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, et al. Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2:e94. View abstract,
  221. Carroll CB, Bain PG, Teare L, et al. Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Neurology 2004;63:1245-50. View abstract,
  222. Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1219-26. View abstract,
  223. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006;39:421-9. View abstract,
  224. Yadav V, Bever C Jr, Bowen J, et al. Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology.2014;82:1083-92. View abstract,
  225. Trembly B, Sherman M. Double-blind clinical study of cannabidiol as a secondary anticonvulsant. Marijuana ’90 International Conference on Cannabis and Cannabinoids 1990;2:5.
  226. Srivastava, M.D., Srivastava, B.I., and Brouhard, B. Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology 1998;40:179-185. View abstract,
  227. Cunha, J.M., Carlini, E.A., Pereira, A.E., Ramos, O.L., Pimentel, C., Gagliardi, R., Sanvito, W.L., Lander, N., and Mechoulam, R. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology 1980;21:175-185. View abstract,
  228. Carlini EA, Cunha JM. Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):417S-27S. View abstract,
  229. Zuardi, A.W., Shirakawa, I., Finkelfarb, E., and Karniol, I.G. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982;76:245-250. View abstract,
  230. Ames, F.R. and Cridland, S. Anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol.S.Afr.Med.J.1-4-1986;69:14. View abstract,
  231. Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J.E., Andersson, S., Agurell, S., Gillespie, H., and Hollister, L.E. Single-dose kinetics of deuterium-labelled cannabidiol in man after smoking and intravenous administration. Biomed.Environ Mass Spectrom.1986;13:77-83. View abstract,
  232. Wade, D.T., Collin, C., Stott, C., and Duncombe, P. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Sativex (nabiximols), on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult.Scler.2010;16:707-714. View abstract,
  233. Collin, C., Ehler, E., Waberzinek, G., Alsindi, Z., Davies, P., Powell, K., Notcutt, W., O’Leary, C., Ratcliffe, S., Novakova, I., Zapletalova, O., Pikova, J., and Ambler, Z. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of Sativex, in subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. Neurol.Res.2010;32:451-459. View abstract,
  234. Crippa, J.A., Zuardi, A.W., Martin-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., and Fusar-Poli, P. Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Hum.Psychopharmacol.2009;24:515-523. View abstract,
  235. Consroe, P., Laguna, J., Allender, J., Snider, S., Stern, L., Sandyk, R., Kennedy, K., and Schram, K. Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington’s disease. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:701-708. View abstract,
  236. Harvey, D.J., Samara, E., and Mechoulam, R. Comparative metabolism of cannabidiol in dog, rat and man. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:523-532. View abstract,
  237. Collin, C., Davies, P., Mutiboko, I.K., and Ratcliffe, S. Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur.J.Neurol.2007;14:290-296. View abstract,
  238. Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Bianchessi, S., Costa, B., Macchi, P., and Parolaro, D. The non-psychoactive cannabidiol triggers caspase activation and oxidative stress in human glioma cells. Cell Mol.Life Sci.2006;63:2057-2066. View abstract,
  239. Weiss, L., Zeira, M., Reich, S., Har-Noy, M., Mechoulam, R., Slavin, S., and Gallily, R. Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Autoimmunity 2006;39:143-151. View abstract,
  240. Watzl, B., Scuderi, P., and Watson, R.R. Marijuana components stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cell secretion of interferon-gamma and suppress interleukin-1 alpha in vitro. Int J Immunopharmacol.1991;13:1091-1097. View abstract,
  241. Consroe, P., Kennedy, K., and Schram, K. Assay of plasma cannabidiol by capillary gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectroscopy following high-dose repeated daily oral administration in humans. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav.1991;40:517-522. View abstract,
  242. Barnes, M.P. Sativex: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain. Expert.Opin.Pharmacother.2006;7:607-615. View abstract,
  243. Wade, D.T., Makela, P., Robson, P., House, H., and Bateman, C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult.Scler.2004;10:434-441. View abstract,
  244. Iuvone, T., Esposito, G., Esposito, R., Santamaria, R., Di Rosa, M., and Izzo, A.A. Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. J Neurochem.2004;89:134-141. View abstract,
  245. Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Ceruti, S., Colombo, A., Abbracchio, M.P., and Parolaro, D. Antitumor effects of cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, on human glioma cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther.2004;308:838-845. View abstract,
  246. Crippa, J.A., Zuardi, A.W., Garrido, G.E., Wichert-Ana, L., Guarnieri, R., Ferrari, L., Azevedo-Marques, P.M., Hallak, J.E., McGuire, P.K., and Filho, Busatto G. Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:417-426. View abstract,
  247. Wade, D.T., Robson, P., House, H., Makela, P., and Aram, J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin.Rehabil.2003;17:21-29. View abstract,
  248. Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs.11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.
You might be interested:  Como Se Hace El Dulce De Leche Casero

Documento revisado – 07/20/2022

¿Cómo te hace sentir el CBD?

¿Que efectos tiene el cbd cuando lo consumes? El CBD provoca y hace que sientas lo siguiente: Sensación de bienestar, gracias a sus propiedades analgésicas. Sensación de relax, gracias a sus propiedades ansiolíticas.

¿Cuánto dura un frasco de aceite de CBD?

¿Cuánto dura la vida útil de la mayoría de los productos de CBD? –

  • A diferencia de otros productos que puedes tener en casa durante años y se conservan bien, los productos de CBD tienen una fecha de caducidad mucho más corta a la que deberías estar atento.
  • Hay algunos factores que pueden influir en la vida útil de cualquier producto de CBD, como la calidad, los ingredientes, el proceso de extracción, así como el envase y la forma de almacenarlo.
  • En general, los productos de CBD suelen durar entre 1 y 2 años, dependiendo de todos los factores mencionados anteriormente.
  • Seguidamente, hablaremos de lo que hace que caduquen más rápido y de cómo puedes mantener tus productos frescos durante el mayor tiempo posible.

¿Qué porcentaje de CBD tiene el aceite de Cannabi?

Hay muchas concentraciones diferentes de aceite de CBD disponibles en el mercado. Encontramos productos de CBD con una concentración que comienza alrededor del 2% hasta una concentración de CBD de aproximadamente el 80%.
Adblock
detector